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ON THE 



INDIAN i^. 



Tribes and Languages 



OF 



COSTA RICA 



BY WM. M, GABB. 

•I 



(Read before the American Philosophical Society, Aug. 20, 1875.) 



PHILADELPHIA : 

McCalla & Stavely, Printers, Nos. 237-9 Dock St. 

1875- 



/^^5 
■(f/^ 



Gift 
K. Bush-Brown 
May 1015 



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V 
la 



Aug. 20, 18T5.] "^od [aabb. 



O^ THE 

UsTDIAN^ TRIBES AND LANGUAGES 
OF COSTA RICA. 



BY WM. M. GABB. 



{Bead before the American PJiilosophical Society, August 20, 1875.) 



Chapter 1. 
general ethnological notes. 

The Indians of Costa Rica, witb. the hardljr probable exception of the 
Guatusos, all belong to one closely allied fam'ily. I only make this possi- 
ble exception in deference to the almost absolute ignorance which yet 
exists in i-egard to this isolated tribe. 

Before entering on the consideration of the better known peoples of the 
southern part of the Republic, it may be as well to make a brief summary 
of what is known of the Guatusos up to the present time. They occupy 
a part of the broad plains north and east of the high volcanic chain of 
North-Western Costa Rica, and south of the great lake of Nicaragua, espe- 
cially about the head waters of the Rio Frio. I have fortunately fallen in 
with various persons who have entered their country, and who have had an 
opportunity of seeing the people and their mode of life. The stories of 
some are so evidently exaggerated that I shall suppress them ; but by 
carefully sifting the evidence and giving a due preponderance to the testi- 
mony of those whom I consider most reliable, I have arrived at the fol- 
lowing results. 

Thomas Belt, the author of "The Naturalist in Nicaragua," says he 
has seen of them, five children and one large boy, "and they all had the 
common Indian features and hair ; though it struck me that they ap- 
peared rather more intelligent than the generality of Indians." He also 
says that " one little child that Dr. Seeman and I saw in San Carlos in 
A. p. S. — VOL. XIV. 3k 



Gabb.] 4b4 [A.ug. 20, 

1870, had a few brownish hairs among tho great mass of bhxck ones ; but 
this character may bo found amongmany of the indigenes, and may result 
from a very slight admixture of foreign blood." All the persons with 
whom I have conversed assert that the name Guatuso, as applied to the 
tribe, is given on account of a reddish or brown tint of their hair, resem- 
bling the little animal of that name (tho Agouti). This is also denied by 
ISlv. Belt, who says that the names of animals are often applied to Indian 
tribes by their neighbors, to distinguish them. Allowing full weight to 
this opinion, supported by analogy as it is in North America, (e. g. 
Snakes,) I do not think it fully warranted in this case. 

Of half a dozen jjersons with whom I have conversed ; people who have 
been on the upper Rio Frio, all, with one exception, distinctly assert that 
they have seen people of light color and with comparatively light hair 
among them. One person went so far as to assert, that in a fracas in 
which he nearly lost his life, his most valiant and dangerous opponent 
was a young woman, a mere girl, "as white as an Englishwoman," (tan 
rubia como una Inglesa). Another, who had a more peaceful opportunity 
of seeing a party of two or three women, himself unseen, used the same 
words in describing one of them. I believe, however, that these were ex- 
aggerations. Still another i^erson told me that they were of all shades 
' ' from a rather light Indian color, to nearly white, the same as our- 
selves" (referring to the varying shades in the mixed blood of the Costa 
Rican peasantry). However, in an interesting conversation with Don 
Tomas Guardia, President of Costa Rica, I learned that when, some years 
ago, he headed a party passing through their country for military purposes, 
they encountered one or more bodies of tliese people and had some 
skirmishes with them. He says they are ordinarily of the color of other 
Indians, although rai'e exceptions exist, of individuals markedly lighter 
than the others, and really possessing a comparatively white skin and 
brownish or reddish hair. This is in keeping with the statements made 
to me by others whom I consider reliable, and must, I think, in defer- 
ence to the authors be taken as final. 

The origin of light complexions among an isolated tribe of Indians has, 
of course, been the source of much speculation, but General Guardia, and 
Don Rafael Acosta, an intelligent gentleman of San Ramon, not far from 
the borders of the Guatuso country, both suggested to me, independently, 
the same theory. They claim that when, a coujile of centuries ago, the 
town of Esparza was sacked by the English freebooters, many of the in- 
habitants took refuge in the mountains, and were never afterwards heard 
of. These refugees were many of them pure whites, men and women. 
Now from Esparza, it is only about three or four days' journey to the 
borders of the Guatuso country, and it does not seem improbable that 
some of these poor wretches may have found their way there. If this is 
really the case, the admixture of blood, and consequent lightening of 
color is satisfactorily accounted for. 
•In consequence of almost uniform bad treatment, robbery and massacre 



1875.] _ 485 ^Q^^^_ 

included, to which these people have been subjected by the rubber hunters, 
who enter their country from Nicaragua, and their not possessing fire-arms 
to repel the aggressors, they have become so timid that they fly on the 
first approach of strangers. The few who have been captured are either 
young children, or persons taken by surprise. I have been unable to 
learn of any in Costa Rica, although a boy, now dead, lived for a while in 
Alajuela. A few are said' to have been taken to Saa Juan del Norte, 
(Greytown,) and to Grenada, Nicaragua. The Alajuela boy, although he 
learned the meaning of some Spanish words, so as to know what was 
meant, when spoken to, was represented as sullen. When asked the 
names in his language of things that he was familiar with, like plantain, 
banana, &c., he always remained silent, and neither coaxing nor threats 
could extort a word. 

The people are invariably represented as of short stature, broad, and of 
enormous strength. They live in neighborhoods ; they cannot be called 
villages, the houses being scattered over an extensive area and at dis- 
tances of from one to several hundred yards apart. The houses are low, 
consisting of a roof, pitching both ways from a ridge pole, and resting on 
very short but very thick posts. This is thatched with palm leaf and is 
entirely open at the ends and sides, under the eaves. Their tools are 
stone axes set in wooden handles, good steel machetes (all agree that 
they have seen these, but where do they get them ?) and planting sticks 
similar to those used by the Bri-bris. With these tools they cultivate 
great quantities of plantains, bananas, yuca, coco, {Colocana esculentum,) 
besides possessing large plantations of the jjeJii balla palm and of cacao. 
Of the furniture in their houses, I was told of cord hammocks and net 
bags, similar to those of Bri-bri, and of blocks of light wood for seats. 
They seem to sleep on the ground floor of their houses, simply spreading 
down a layer of plantain leaves. Their bows and arrows are described as 
similar to what I have seen elsewhere, except that the arrows are not sup- 
plied with any harder points than those furnished by the pehi balla wood. 
The dress is described as identical with the old styles in Talamanca ; 
mastate breech cloths for the men, and the same material, in the shape of 
short petticoats for the women. 

The country of the Rio Frio is said to consist of broad fertile plains, 
unsurpassed in beauty and fertility by any lands in the Republic. The 
Rio Frio itself is large and is navigated by the large canoes of the huleros, 
or rubber hunters, to a point within three days' walk of Las Cruces on the 
Pacific side. But the poor inoftensive people who inhabit this region are 
now so intimidated by the "Christians" who have visited them, that 
they can only be approached by a foreigner by stealth. If they can 
escape they do so, but if driven to bay, or think they can overpower the 
strangers, they greet them with a flight of arrows. They are especially 
afraid of firearms, and a pistol shot is sufacient to depopulate a set- 
tlement. 

I believe the above short statement contains the most reliable informa- 



Gabb.] 4ob fAug. 20, 

tion ever yet accumulated with reference to the Guatusos. I have care- 
fully rejected many wonderful stories told me by persons clainiinj^ to tel^ 
what they saw, and have only availed myself of tlie accounts of those who 
seemed to exaggerate least, or whose position forbade me to doubt their 
assertit>ns. 

The tribes of Southern and South-eastern Costa Rica are better known. 
The Terra has, living on the Pacific slope, and theirneighbors, the Borucas 
or, as they call themselves, Bruncas, live under complete subjection to 
the laws of Costa Rica, and the rule of a missionary priest. They may 
be strictly called civilized. But tliose on the Atlantic slope have had a 
powerful ally in the forces of nature, in resisting the civilizing eltbrts of 
the Spanisli invaders. The heavy rains of the Atlantic seaboard produce 
a luxuriance of vegetation that may well nigh be called unconquerable. 
Broad swam^js, dank and reeking with malaria threaten the European 
with bilious fever, fatal to energy if not to life. Three centuries ago 
Columbus sailed along the coast from the Bahia del Almirante, and in his 
usual tlorid styl^ called this the Rich Coast, and yet it has never yielded 
to the conqueror or paid him tribute. Two centuries ago a little colony 
was planted far back in the mountains and one or two outlying missionary 
posts were scattered among the then powerful tribes. But a just retribu- 
tion fell on San Jose de Cabecar. The hardy mountaineers did not submit 
to the opiH'essors' yoke like the gentle and hapless victims of Cuba and 
Santo Domingo. Even now the traditions are well preserved among them, 
and I have listened to more than one recital of outrages which I dare not 
believe to be exaggerated. Father Las Casas tells of even worse oppres- 
sions, lu 1709 the people rose and massacred all who fell into their power. 
A pitiful remnant escaped from the colony, to wander for weeks in the 
woods and finally a handful reached Cartago. The Viceroy of Guatemala, 
in retaliation sent forces by way of the forest trails from Cartago and others 
across the mountains byway of Terraba. They surrounded, killed, and cap- 
tured all the Indians they could, and carried their prisoners to Cartago. 
Some of these were divided among the settlers as servants, and have left a 
strong tinge on the cheeks of many a would-be high-toned Costa Rican. 
The remainder wei'e settled in the villages of Tucuriqui and Orosi, where, 
though partly civilized, they still retain their original language, badly 
corrupted with Spanish. Since this disastrous ending to the colony, both 
parties have kept up a wholesome dread of each other and no further ef- 
forts have ever been made to found a colony on the Atlantic side of the 
country. At the same time, the Indians not only dread, but hate the 
Spaniards and even a trace of Spanish blood, or fluency in the language 
on the part of a dark-skinned or dark-haired person is a warrant for sus- 
picion. It is not a hatred of the white race. Englishmen, Americans, 
and Germans are invariably respected and treated well, by the same peo- 
ple who are either insolent to the Spaniard or treat him at best with 
restraint. 

On the Atlantic slope, there are three tribes intimately allied socially. 



1875.] 4^* [Gabb. 

politically, and religiously, but differing markedly in language. The 
Cabecars occupy the country from the frontiers of civilization to the 
western side of the Coen branch of the Tiliri or Sicsola River. Adjoin- 
ing them, the Bri-bris occupy the east side of the Coen, all the regions of 
the Lari, Uren, and Zhorquin and the valley lying around the mouths of 
these streams. The Tiribris, now reduced to barely a hundred souls, live 
in two villages on the Tilorio or Changinola River. It is said that on the 
head waters of the Changiua, a large fork of this latter stream, there are 
yet a few individuals of the Changina tribe, but the other Indians report 
them as implacably hostile and their very existence is only known by 
vague reports of their savage neighbors. The Shelaba tribe, formerly 
living ou the lower part of the same river is now entirely extinct. A few 
half-breeds are all who perpetuate the blood, and their language is utterly 
lost. Still further down the coast, beyond the Costa Rican boundaries is 
another allied tribe, partly civilized, ia so far as that they trade and work 
a little and drink a great deal of bad rum, spending most of their earnings 
on th'at bane of the race. They are called by foreigners Valientes. Cross- 
ing over to the Pacific slope, the Terrabas are tribally identical with the 
Tiribis. The tx'adition still exists in a vague form, that they are emigrants 
from the Atlantic side ; but when or why the emigration took place, is 
forgotten. The home of the tribe is in a very nari-ow, rough cafimi, 
traversed by a river that might better be called a torrent, a country 
strongly contrasted with the fertile plains and broad savannas of Terraba, 
and it is not improbable that under the press of a crowded population 
several migrations took place. They still tell how, twenty or thirty years 
ago, a priest came over from Terraba, baptized all who would submit to 
the rite, and by glowing stories of the abundance of meat and other in- 
ducements that he shrewdly imagined would tempt them, carried off over 
a dozen of their best men, who never returned. A glance at the vocabu- 
lary will show how little separated are these two branches of the tribe in 
language. The Borucas or Bruncas, who occupy a little village, not far 
from the headquarters of the Terrabas, are apparently the older occu- 
pants of the soil ; perhaps crowded into a corner by the invaders. 

Other tribal names are mentioned by various authors, such as Bicei- 
tas, &c. The name Biceita is not known in the country, and, although 
used to the present day outside of the Indian country, is unknown to 
them, or at best, is supposed to be a Spanish word. The district of that 
name is probably the western part of Bri-bri, the most eastern i^oint to 
which the slave-hunting expeditions from San Jose Cabecar penetrated. 
The Blancos are properly the Bri-bri tribe, but this word is rather loosely 
used, and is often applied alike to the Cabecars and Tiribis. 

But little can be gathered of the histoiy-of these people. What hap- 
pened in the times of their grandfathers is already ancient history and 
partly forgotten. All recollection of the first arrival of the Spaniards is now 
lost. They have no traditions of the use of stone implements before the in- 
troduction of metal. Wheu asked what they did for axes before the traders 



Gabb.] 488 [Aug. 20, 

came among tbem, I could get no more satisfactory answer than that 
they went to Cartago to buy them. I have been told a vague story, how- 
ever, that long ago there were two bands living in the country now occu- 
pied by the Bri-bris. Those living in the valley, ai-ound the junction of 
the branches of the Tiliri were more powerful than the mountaineers, 
and forced the latter to pay tribute when they descended to hunt, or cut 
the material for their bark-cloth clothing. But gradually the lowlanders 
died out ; the highlanders, becoming the more powerful, rebelled against 
these impositions, and eventually emigrated in such numbers to the 
country of the former, that the distinction became lost by an amalgama- 
tion of the two parties. Even now the Bri-bris, who occupy the lowlands 
and most of the hill regions of the Sicsola, look down on their neigh- 
bors the Cabecars and ti'eat them as inferiors. The Cabecars, on the other 
hand, tacitly acknowledge even a social sujiremacy, and in a mixed party 
submit to assume the more menial occupations, like bringing water and 
wood ; and are always obliged to wait until the last when food or drink 
is being served. Few of the Bri-bris speak the Cabecar language, but 
there are few of the Cabecars who do not speak Bri-bri, and they usually 
use it in the presence of strangers. The Cabecars have no chief of their 
own, but are entirely under the rule of the Bri-bri chief, and have been, 
from time immemorial. Their subjugation is, in short, complete. At 
the same time they have the honor of religious supremacy, in so far as 
that the high priest, the " f/s(3A;a?'«," whose office will be explained fur- 
ther on, belongs to their tribe. The ordinary priests, the '' Tsugurs,^' 
who, like the "Usekara,^^ are hereditary, come from a group of families 
on the Coen River, but belong to the Bri-bri tribe. 

About the beginning of this century there was a bitter war between the 
Bri-bris and the Tiribis. The youngest members of the war parties are 
now mostly dead, and the few remaining survivors are very old men. 
The last of the warriors proper, mature meu at that time, died about 
1800, at an extremely advanced age. I have heard the traditions from 
both sides the question, and of course each party throws all the blame 
on the other. The Bri-bri story is that some people, a whole famil}', 
living on the extreme eastern' portion of the Uren district, were found 
murdered, and no clue discovered to the perpetrators of the act. Not 
very long afterwards other murders occurred in an equally mysterious 
maimer, which, threw the whole country into a state of excitement. 
Afterwards a small party was attacked by some unknown Indians, a 
portion killed and some left to tell the tale. The tracks of the stran- 
gers were followed through the woods, always keeping to the east, 
until they were lost. Following this clue, the chief of the Bri-bris sent 
out a party of armed scouts, who climbed to the summit of the divi- 
ding ridge, overlooking the Tilorio. From here they discovered for 
the first time that they had neighbors ; seeing their houses and corn- 
fields in the distance. A large war party was fitted out ; they passed 
the mountains, and without warning descended on the unsuspecting 



1875.] "ioJ [Gat)b. 

enemy, killing large numbers. After this a desultory warfare was kept 
up ; each party striving to take the other unawares, and to capture as 
many heads as possible. This went on until the Tiribi, reduced to a 
handful, sued for peace and submitted as a conquered people to the 
Bri-bris. Since then, the chief of the Bri-bris has always retained the 
right of final choice of chief of the Tiribis, after nomination of the can- 
didate by his own people. Beyond this, no actual control has ever been 
exercised. The Tiribi story does not differ from the above, except in 
the origin. It throws the blame of the first aggression on the Bri-bris. 
In some respects the Tiribis are superior to the Bri-bris. The children 
are more respectful to their parents; the women are more modest in dress 
and behavior, and the men are more industrious. This is their boast, and 
while they look down on the Bri-bris, the latter despise them as a con- 
quered people. Very little communication occurs between the two tribes, 
and I could learn of but two cases of intermarriage between them. 

I have already said the Tiribis and Cabecars are under the political rule 
of the Bri-bris. The form of government is extremely simple. One family 
holds the hereditary right of chieftainship, and up to 1873 the reigning 
chief had theoretically full powers of government. The succession is not 
in direct line, but on the death of the incumbent, the most eligible mem- 
ber of the royal family is selected to fill the vacancy. Often a son is 
passed over in favor of a second cousin of the last chief. The present 
chief is first cousin of his predecessor, who was nephew of his predecessor, 
who was in turn a cousin to his. 

Formerly the chiefs held only a nominal control over their people. The 
principal advantages derived from the position were rather of a social 
than a political nature. The chief was conducted to the best hammock 
for a seat on entering a house. He was treated to their great luxury, cho- 
colate, when persons of less note were fain to be content with chicha. But 
in case of a quarrel the chief had to defend himself from the blows of the 
long, heavy fighting-slick like any ordinary mortal . Within the last 
decade or two, the traders, by throwing their influence on the side of the 
chief, have caused him to be treated with more respect, and endowed him 
with the attributes of a judge over his people, in all ordinary disputes. 
About 1870 or 1871, Santiago, the then chief, paid a visit to Cartago and 
San Jose ; was well treated, and received an appointment from the Gov- 
ernment, for the position which he already held, with the full approval of 
his tribe. It had been customary for the heir-apparent, the futui-e suc- 
cessor, to hold a position as second, or subordinate chief, with little or 
no authority. One Lapiz was at that time second chief, and claimed 
that he was more entitled than the other to the chieftainship. Exagger- 
ated ideas of great mineral wealth in "Talamanca" have been long held 
in Costa Rica and the Commandant of Moen, a little settlement on the 
Atlantic coast, used principally as a penal station, conspired with Lapiz 
against Santiago. This individual, named Marchena, advised Lapiz to 
assassinate his chief, and thereby place himself at the head of the tribe. 



Oiibb.] 4t)U [Aug. 20, 

It seems that Marcbena's plan was to put a creature of his own over 
the Indians, so as to gain access to the supposed ricli mines and thereby 
benefit himself. Instigated by a " Christian," the savage, nothing loth, 
conspired with his people, but Santiago learned of it and made efforts to 
arrest him. Learning of this, he tied to the mountain fastnesses of 
Bri-bri where, broken down by disease and hardships he died, leaving, 
Indian like, his revenge as a legacy to his adherents. Santiago, who was 
a drunkaid and, when intoxicated, a tyrant, gradually eustranged his 
people from him, and his relatives, Birche and Willie, placed themselves 
at the head of the opjiosition. The occasion sought for was not long in 
being found, and one morning Santiago was shot in the woods by an am- 
bushed party, who at once took possession of the government, burnt their 
victim's house, appropriated his effects, including his three wives, and 
defied his friends. Birche, as the oldest of the two cousins and claimants 
to the chieftainship, took precedence and Willie became second chief. 
Mr. John II. Lyon, an American from Baltimore, who had lived in the 
country since 1858, had acted as secretary to Santiago, and only their re- 
spect for an upright man who had always treated them justly, coupled 
with the fact that he was not a "Spaniard," prevented them from vent- 
ing their resentment on him, in common with the other friends of the 
murdered man. He remained at his house for some weeks despite the 
storm. But at last, thinking discretion the better part of valor, he left 
the country with his Indian family and remained absent some mouths. 
On his ret.Mrn be found matters settled after a fashion : the Birche party 
in power, but by no means secure against an outbreak from the friends 
of Santiago, who only wanted a leader. They urged Lyon to head them 
but his better couocil prevailed, and they perforce accepted the situation. 
I visited the country first in March, 1873. accompanied by the Command- 
ante of Limon, Don Federico Fernandez. He then formally approved of 
Birche as chief, AVillie as second, and re-appoiuted Lyon as Secretary. 
This was a great step iu advance for Birche who now, for the first time, 
felt himself secure. The assassination of Santiago was practically ig- 
nored, but they were told "to be good and not do it again." This was 
succeeded by an infinite luimber of petty quarrels between the two 
chiefs ; each disliking the other, and each wishing the other out of the 
way. By dint of constant interference on the part of the foreigners, they 
were prevented from coming into actual collision, although one attempt 
was made by the friends of Willie to kill Birche, Lyon, myself and my 
assistants at a blow by planting an ambush for us on one of our journeys. 
However, in December, 1873, business taking me to San Jose, I induced 
Birche to accompany me. On my advice, Don Vicente Ilerrera, the 
Minister of Interior, gave to Birche a formal commission as " Jefe Polit- 
ico " of Talamanca, confirmed Willie as second chief, and ap^jointed Mr. 
Lyon "Secretary and Director of the tribes," fixing suitable salaries for 
each. This was the first time that the ti-ibe had formally submitted to 
the Costa Kican government. The action of Santiago was purely an in- 



1875. ( 4:Ji [Gabb. 

dividual affair, and looked on with great disfavor by the tribe. Matters 
went on very well for a few months under the new regime. But Birche, a 
man of little capacity, at the sams tims a coward and a tyrant, could not 
be content with his position. He began a system of ill treatment against 
which the people grumbled, but which they feared to i-esent. At first 
both Lyon and myself tried to quiet the complaints, believing that pun- 
ishment had been justly inflicted, and knowing that 

" No man e'er felt the halter draw 
With just opinion of the law, 
Or held with judgment orthodox 
His love of justiue in the stocks." 

But it soon became apparent that his majesty (they are always calhd 
king) was abusing his power. The Indians dared not quarrel with 
Birche, for fear of offending the government, but came to Lyon almost 
daily with complaints. At last we decided to effect a change. Birche 
went to Limon to draw his salary, and at the same time to complain of a 
purely personal quarrel with Willie, in-which he had fared worst. I ar- 
rived there a fe w days later, having completed my exploration, and being 
on my way to the Capital. On being asked for information and advice by 
the Commandante, I told the story and urged his removal. This could 
only be done by the minister, but he was suspended until the decision of 
that officer could be obtained. In a few days I saw Mr. Herrer.v, and 
after a conversation he decided to endorse the Commandante's action. 
Birche was accordingly removed, Willie was given a nominal chieftain- 
ship, and Lyon instructed to assume all responsibilities. Thus in less 
than two years the people ha,ve, withou.t knowing how it happened, been 
deprived of their hereditary chiefs, and a foreigner placed over them. 
Willie remains with the empty title of chief without even the power to 
issue an order or punish an offender, except when ordeied by Lyon. This 
gentleman has their entire confidence and respect, and many of the In- 
dians begged to have even the title taken away permanently from the 
"royal" family. I have been thus prolix on this branch of the subject, 
because I was an eye witness, a participator, in the latter part of the 
events I relate. Trivial as they are, they may interest some, throwing 
light on the manner in which one tribe after another is subdue 1. 

A strange fatality seems to hang over these Isthmian Indians. Even 
when not brought into contact with the debasing influences of civilization, 
the tribes are visibly diminishing. Less than two centuries ago, the 
population of Talamanca, as Costa Rica calls her southeastern province, 
was counted by thousands, now barely 1200 souls can be found. The 
Shelaba tribe is extinct ; the Changinas are at the point of extermination, . 
the Tiribis nhmber but one hundred and three souls, and Lyon tells me 
that the Cabecars of the Ooen have diminished fully one-half within the 
last seventeen years, while the decrease in the Bri-bris is hardly less 
rapid. 

During my travels in Talamanca I collected in each district an accurate 

A. p. S. — VOL. XIV. oL 



CJiibl. ] 49-J [Aug. 25, 

enumeration of the poinilatiou. !My process was to get together several 
ol' the must intelligent and well-informed men in the district ; cause them 
to compare notes and then to tie a series of knots in strings as they aie 
accustomed to do ; different kinds of knots distinguishing the sexes. Each 
house was counted separately, so that I obtained an exact census of the 
whole country with the following results. This cord census is now in the 
museum of the Smithsonian Institution, with many other articles, illus- 
trating the life and customs of the people. 
The population of each district is as follows : 

Tiribi 103 

Uren CO-i 

Bri-bri ITi 

Cabecar 128 

The Valley 21!) 

Total '. 1220 

This covers all of the water-sheds of the Tilorio and Tiliri rivers ex- 
cept two small bauds ; the Changiua^ on the Ciiangina branch of the 
Tilorio and a refugee remnant of the Cabecars on the extreme head of 
the Tiliri. Probably an additional hundred would cover all of thtse. 

On the North or Estrella river, and on the Chiripo, there are a few 
more Cabecars who have little communication with the headipiarters of 
the tribe, but who are in the habit of going out to Limon or JIatina for 
what little trade they require. These are probably in all, not more than 
200 or 300 in number. Nearly all speak Spanish and they are giadually 
approximating to civilized or semi-civilized ways. 

The cause of the rapid decrease in the population is their extreme in- 
dolence. With a country fitted to produce all the fruits of the tropics ; 
where maize grows luxuriantly, and where cattle and pigs increase with- 
out care or labor ; they are content to make plantains their staple^ and 
almost their only food. Chicha the form in which most of their maize 
is used, is a beverage very slightly intoxicating, if drank in large quanti- 
ties, but the amount of nutriment derived from it is unimportant. Meat, 
wliether of domestic or wild animals, is a rarity and a luxury, and the 
banana or plantain make up all deficiencies. The natural consequence 
of a bulky and comparatively innutritions diet is a low physical state. 
The system has little resisting power against disease, or healing power 
over wounds. A slight attack of coast fever, which, with an ordinary 
strong man of our own race, would be comparatively harmless, is very 
a^t to terminate fatally with these people. Indolent ulcers are so com- 
mon that perhaps a full fourth of not only adults, but even children 
have them, usually on the legs, originating in some slight scratch or 
bruise ; and very few of the elderly persons are without their scars. 
These ulcers often last for years, and I have seen them as broad as the 
two hands opened side by side. Although the local diseases ai-e few, the 
entire absenc« of medical treatment, the ignorance of the first principles 



1875.J 493 [Gabb. 

of hygiene, and the universal negligence of the sick, on the part of the 
well, all contribute to shorten the average life-term of the people, so that 
very few old men or women are to be found, and the mortality is so great 
among the young that the deaths more than counterbalance the births. 
Unless some great change takes place, the whole of the tribes of Tala- 
manca will have disappeared within two or three generations more. The 
Tiribis, who like the others have strict rules about marriage, within cer- 
tain degrees of consanguinity, are now so reduced that several young 
men and women are to-day forced to remain unmarried for want of proper 
mates sufficiently removed in relationship. But at the beginning of this 
century they were powerful enough to give battle to the Bri-bris. The 
Clianginas and Shelabas have disappeared and the fate of the other tribes 
requires no prophet to foretell. 

Physically, the people of all the tribes bear a strong resemblance to each 
other. They are of short statui-e, broad shouldered, heavily built, full 
in the chest, with well-formed limbs, and well muscled throughout. Their 
color is similar to that of the North American Indians, or, if anything 
different, perhaps a little lighter. There seems to be but little, if any 
admixture of foreign blood among them. Their history would hardly 
lead us to expect it. They have lived very exclusively, aod it has hardly 
been half a century since they have ceased to live in a state of open war 
with all intruders from the coast side. The Spanish occupation closed so 
disastrously over a century and a half ago, was of too short duration, and 
and the whites wei'e too few, to make a permanent impression on a then 
populous country. 

The following measurements taken from my servant, a full grown man, 
who is not more than an inch, if so much, under the average height, will 
give a fair idea of their build. He measures in height, 5 ft. 1^ in., cir- 
cumference of chest, under the arms SSf inches ; of hips 34 inches, of 
waist 33,j inches, length from axilla to tips of the fingers, 24|- inches ; leg, 
from the groin to the ground, 29 inches. Both sexes are marked by an 
almost perfect absence of hair from all parts of the person except the 
head ; where there is a dense growth of coarse, straight black hair. This 
the women plait with considerable taste. The men wear theirs cut mod- 
erately long and of an even length all round ; or a few I'etaining an older 
fashion, have it a little over a foot long, apparently its entire natural 
length, and either let it stream loosely over the shoulders, gather it into 
two plaits, or twist it into a roll, bound with a strip of mastate, and 
coiled at the back of the head in a round flat mass. 

The breasts of the women are not conical, as occurs with many, if not 
most of the Indian races ; but are fully as globular as those of the 
European or African. Nor are they directed laterally. They are not 
generally large, though some marked exceptions occur to this rule. But 
they have one strongly marked peculiarity. The entire ai-eolar area is 
developed into a globular protuberance, completely enveloping and 
hiding the nipple. The development of this part begins with, almost 



Ctabb.] "iJ-i [Aug. 20, 

bofo)-c, that of the luamniary gland proper, on the approach of puberty, 
and is more obvious then, than after the gland has ac(iuired its full 
rotundity. After marriage, the areola gradually sinks, leaving the nipple 
standing out prominently in its centre. 

lu treating of the manners and customs of these people, 1 shall include 
the three tribes of Tirlbi, Bri-bri, and Cabecar as one, and shall only 
mentiju them separately where points of ditl'erence occur. First in the 
order comes the birth of the young savage. 

All the world, or rather all the ignorant world, and even a part of that 
which considers itself reasonably enlightened, entertains a belief in the 
inllueuce on the child, of certain impressions made on the mother during 
pregnancy. Doubtless the general mental state of the mother has an in- 
iluence on her progeny. But the belief exists among these Indians, in 
its full force, that the sight of certain objects by the mother will influence 
her child physically. They go further. The mother is given to wearing 
certain charms to that end. The eyes of the lish haw k give the future fisher 
the power to see his prey beneath the water ; the teeth of the tiger (also 
worn by both sexes for purely ornamental i^urposes), when used as an 
amulet makes the future hunter swift and strong in the chase ; the hairs 
of a horse make him strong to carry loads, and a piece of cotton pushed 
inside of her girdle by a white man, is certain to make the child of a 
lighter complexion. 

When the time of parturition approaches, the father goes into the woods 
and builds a little shed, at a safe distance from the house. To this the 
woman retires as soon as she feels the labor pains coming on. Here, 
alone and unassisted, she brings forth her young. Difficult delivery is as 
rare as among the lower animals. As soon as the delivery is effected, the 
mother of the woman, if present, and in her absence, some other old 
woman approaches the mother and, with great circumspection to avoid 
the defilement of bu-Jcu-ru', of which I shall speak further on, places within 
her reach a ijiece of wild cane, so split as to make a rude knife. The mother 
ties the \imbilical cord and severs it with this knife. No other kind is 
permitted. She is also supplied in the same manner with some tepid 
water in a folded plantain leaf, in which she washes the child. She then 
collects the after-birth, &c., and bui'ies it, after which she goes to the 
nearest water and bathes herself. An awa, or medicine man then ap- 
pears on the scene. He causes the mother to theoretically wash herself 
again, by dipping her fingers into a calabash of water, which he forth- 
with drinks. He then lights a pipe of tobacco, blowing the smoke over 
her. He then purifies himself by washing his hands, after which, and 
not before, all are permitted to return to the house. The recovery of the 
mother is so prompt that it may be more properly said, she has nothing 
to recover from. I have seen a young mother, with her first child not 
yet a week old, attending to her ordinary duties as if nothing had hap- 
pened. 

The matter of names is very loose and arbitrary. It is almost impossi- 



18-5. 1 495 [Gabb. 

ble for a stranger to learn tlie true name of an Indian, directly from the 
person himself, although his friends may divulge it, and this is looked 
upon almost in the light of either a breach of confidence, or a practical 
joke. After long acquaintance, they may be prevailed upon, but even 
then are more apt to give a false name than to tell the truth, so great is 
their reluctance. One fellovp, who was my servant for over three months, 
after always denying having a name, at last told me a pet name, or 
"nick-name " that he had had as a child. It is customary for children 
to have provisional names, or to be called only ' ' boy " or " girl " as the 
case may be, until the whim of an acquaintance or sooae equally arbitrary 
circumstance fixes a title to them. Besides the native name, generally 
derived from some personal quaiity, or not seldom the name of some ani- 
mal or plant, almost all of the Indians possess a foreign name, by which 
they are known, and which they do not hesitate to communicate. Among 
themselves, when the name is unknown, a person is called by the name 
of the place where he lives. Mr. Lyon says all the women have names, 
as well as the men. But my experience with them is never to have heard 
them called by other titles than "girl," "woman," "toishy''' (applied 
familiarly to young married women), or "so-and-so's wife" .or daugh- 
ter, except in the case of a few of the more civilized men, who have given 
Christian names to their families. 

Children are not generally weaned early. In case of the birth of a se- 
cond child, the first is weaned perforce. But it is nothing strange to see 
a child well able to walk, say even two years old, go to the breast as a 
matter of course, althougli sufficiently accustomed to more solid food. 

Small babies are carried on the back, astride the hips of the woman, 
and supported by a broad strip of bark or cotton cloth, passed around 
both, and secured in front by a dexterous tucking in of the ends. When 
they become larger, they are carried on one hip, supported by the arm ; 
or are placed on top of the load, if the mother is traveling. They sit 
perched on the bundle, with a foot dangling either over or behind each 
shoulder of the mother, and soon learn to hold on like monkeys. 

The training of the youth is left almost entirely to themselves. Among 
the Tiribi they are taught to respect and obey their parents, but in the 
other tribes they are more insolent and disrespectful to their parents than 
to other persons. I have seen a boy of ten years old absolutely refuse to 
obey some trifling command of his mother, and she seemed to have no 
power to enforce her order. The little girls learn early to accompany the 
older girls and women when they go out to bring water. Their usual 
station, in the house, is at the side of the fire, where, as soon as they are 
large enough, they assist in fanning the fire, preparing plantains for the 
pot or watching the cooking. The boys will sometimes deigu to hunt 
fire-wood, but they are more apt to be playing by the side of the river 
with mimic bow and arrow, learning to shoot fish under water. Their 
toys are mostly diminutive copies of the tools and weapons of more ad- 
vanced age. The machete of the man is represented by a good sized 



(>at)I>.] 4Jt) [Au^'. 20, 

knifo, often the only article worn by the boy ; the long hunting and fish- 
ing bow is foreshadowed by one a yard long, perhaps made of a simple 
piece of wild cane ; the blow gun, a tube longer than the person, is in 
constant use ; and I have seen some few actual toys such as a top made 
of a large round seed with a stick through it ; and a rattle differing only 
in the degree of care in the making, from those used by the priests in 
their incantntions. 

The arrival of puberty is the signal for marriage, at least on the part 
of the girls. The courtships, if such they can be called, are carried on 
principally at the chicha drinkiugs, audi am assured that very few young 
women retain their virginity until marriage. A plurality of wives is 
allowed at the option of the husband. jMany have two, and some three 
women. "When a young man wishes to marry, having arranged with the 
girl, he applies to the father. The consent is practically a foregone con- 
clusion ; but the details of the bargain must be arranged. In most cases, 
the groom goes to live at the house of his father-in-law, becomes, at least 
for a time, a member of the family, and contributes with his labor to the 
common support. Girls are thus available- property to their families. 
But in case the man already has a wife ; is in short, settled in life, and 
has his own home, be may not want to change his residence. He then 
compounds with the family ; giviug a cow, a couple of pigs, or other 
equivalent for the woman, in i^lace of his services. No form of cere- 
mony is required, and the marriage lasts as long as it suits the conve- 
nience of the parties. In case of infidelity on the part of the woman, or 
undue cruelty on the man's part, they may separate. Sometimes, if the 
woman is unfaithful, the man whips her severely, and perhaps returns 
her to her family, or she, in a fit of resentment, leaves him. This may 
be for a year or so, or may be final; but during such separation either 
party is at liberty to make new connections, thereby remaining perma- 
nently apart. 

Probably there is no better place to mention kissing than in connection 
with courtships and marriages. This agreeable custom seems to be 
entirely unknown. I have never seen one person among them kiss an- 
other, not even a mother her child. 

There are certain limits within which parties maj^ not marry. The 
tribes are divided into families, or something analogous to clans. Two 
persons of the same clan cannot marry. This is now a source of difficulty 
among the Tiribis. The tribe is so reduced that a number of marriage- 
able persons of both sexes are unable to find eligible mates. I could not 
ascertain exactly how the question is settled as to which clan a person 
belongs, whether he inherits from father or mother, but so far as I could 
gather, I think from the father. Cousins, even to a remote degree, are 
called brother and sister, and are most strictly prohibited from intermar- 
riage. The law, or custom, is not an introduced one, but one handed 
down from remote times. The penalty for its violation was originally 
very severe ; nothing less than the burial alive of both parties. This 



1875.] ^^"^ f®''^^- 

penalty was not only enforced against improper marriage, but even 
against illicit intercourse on the part of persons within the forbidden 
limits. Mr. Lyon related to me a case that occurred since he has been 
living in the country, where the power of the Chief Chirimo was insuffi- 
cient to protect a man who married his second or third- cousin. Fortu- 
nately for the delinquents, they succeeded in making their escape, though 
with difficulty, being followed two or three days' journey by the aven- 
gers. 

Infidelity is not rare, and the husband has the redress of whippnig the 
woman and dismissing her if he desires, and of whipping her paramour 
if he is able. But so cautious are the people about the blood limit of in- 
termarriage, that a woman on giving birth to an illegitimate child, for 
fear that it will not know the family to which it belongs, will usually 
brave the punishment, and at once confess its paternity. 

As cousins are called brother and sister, so are not only the brothers 
and sisters, but even the cousins of a wife or husband all called indiscrim- 
inately brother and sister-in-law ; so that a person may on a single mar- 
riage find that he has annexed fifty or a hundred of these interesting 
relations. 

On the death of the head of the family, the next oldest brother, or in 
default of a brother, a cousin or uncle assumes his place, and is then 
called father by the children. This does not involve any especial mate- 
rial duties, such as the support of the family ; but is rather a sort of 
honorary title ; giving him, however, the ruling voice in any family 
council or discussion. 

On the death of an individual ; if a young person, a woman, or a per- 
son of but little consequence, the body is prepared as soon as possible in 
the manner described below, and carried to the forest ; but if a person 
of more consideration, there are some preliminary ceremonies. These I 
had the opportunity of witnessing in the case of an old man who died on 
the Uren when I was present. He belonged to one of the distinguished 
families, an ancestor, perhaps his father, having been one of the leaders 
in the war with Tiribi, and he the heir to, and possessor of, one of the 
few gold "eagles," or insignia of rank. He died in the night, and next 
morning, the body being in his hammock, covered with a piece of bark 
cloth ; all of the chicha, chocolate, and food that the poor people of the 
house could get together on short notice were prepared. A tire was 
lighted, amidst singing, by twirling a pointed stick in a s^-cket on the 
face of another. This was the sacred fire, which was communicated to a 
small heap of wood placed on one side in the house. This could be used 
for no common purpose whatever. No ordinary fire could be lighted 
from it ; not even could one use a stick of it to light his pipe. It must 
burn continuously for nine days. In case of its accidentally going out 
before that time, it must be relighted in the same manner as at first ; and 
at the end of that time, only a priest could extinguish it, and he only with 
a calabash of chocolate, and during, or at the end rather, of the suitable 
incantation. 



Gabb.] 4 Jo [Hu'ri. 20, 

The custom of buryinjf or otherwise i)hicin<j^ with the dead all of his 
valuables, evidently existed at one time with tliese people. The Tiribis, 
who bury their dead, did so, up to witiiiu the memory of persons still 
living, and all matters that could not be buried, like live stock, fruit trees, 
etc., were ruthlessly destroyed. A more practical method has grown up 
with the present generation, and they now divide the property of the de- 
funct among the heirs, with as much avidity as in more enlightened com- 
munities. So do the Bri-bris and Cabecars, but these compound with 
their consciences. Whether the Teribis have a similar custom, I am not 
prepared to say, not having seen a funeral, and having no information 
that I consider sufficiently trustworthy. 

The next step after lighting the fire, was for the master of ceremonies, 
appointed by mutual consent, to cause to be collected some small scrap- 
ings of a peculiar wood, called Palo Cacique by the Si)aniards. It is a 
wood used only for walking sticks, and will be again referred to in that 
connection. He also obtained a large lump of cotton wool, some seeds of 
a species of pumpkin, and a small root of sweet yucca. All the male friends 
of the deceased present, seated themselves on low benches in a double 
line, facing each other, with another bench between. A part of the cot- 
ton, spread out so as to make a bulk about the size of a man's hand, was 
placed in front of the principal peison, who then began in a sing-song 
tone between a recitation and a chant, to relate the merits and deeds of 
their departed brother. As he proceeded, and mentioned for instance that 
he had planted much corn, he laid carel'uUy on the cotton a piece of shaving 
which he said was the " planting stick " used in that operation. Another 
laid aside of it a piece of pumpkin seed, which represented the corn. 
Another taking up the song, related how he had shot fish, and another 
shaving was the arrow. An impromptu string a couple of inches long, 
twisted out of the cotton, and stained red with the powder from some 
annatto seeds, was a rope with which he had led a cow, bought years be- 
fore in Terraba. This lasted for an hour, until every tool or weapon he 
had ever used was represented by a little pile of seeds and shavings on 
the cotton. But he was a great man and his "eagle " was not to be for- 
gotten. A very rude imitation of it was cut out of the skin of the yucca 
root and placed on top of all his other property, and then the edges of the 
cotton were doubled over making all into a ball. This wis placed on his 
breast, next his body, and he was thus armed and equipped with all he had 
used or owned in this world, ready for use in the other ; and his heirs 
none the poorer. 

The body was then enveloped in the piece of " mastate " or bark cloth 
that he had used as a blanker, toj-ether with the hamcnock in which he 
swung. A quantity of "platanillo " leaves, a leaf not unlike that of the 
plantain, but only half the size and much tougher, were placed on the 
ground, two or three deej). The bundle was laid on this, the edges of the 
leaf envelope, doubled over, and dexterously tied by strips of bark string 
and the whole turned out a very respectable Egyptian mummy done in 



1875.] ^^^ [G-abb. 

green. By means of three strings, this was swung under a pole, ten feet 
long, raised on the shoulders of two men, who trotted off unconcernedly 
to the woods a mile or so distant. They were accompanied by two or 
three more, armed with machetes. 

A little boy whom I had for a servant for a few months, died on one of 
my journeys. We watched by him and did all in our power to save him, 
and were assisted by two of our men, one of whom was an "awa" or 
doctor. As soon as we saw that he was dying, and I had given up the 
.last hope, the awa took charge. He motioned us all off. From that mo- 
ment the moribund becomes unclean and only the aica can touch him. 
As soon as we pronounced him dead, the doctor covered him up. Next 
morning, the death taking place about midnight, without ceremony he 
was bundled up in his blanket and the usual leaves, and carried off in the 
same manner to the bush. But he was of no consequence. Only a boy 
who was nobody and had done nothing. I mention this case to show the 
difference in treatment, according to the person. 

Next to a woman in her first pregnancy, the most lu-ku-ru' (unclean) 
thing is a corpse. An animal that passes near one after it is placed in its 
temporary resting-place, is defiled forever, and must be killed, as unfit for 
food. Accordingly, an unfrequented spot is selected, where tame pigs or 
cattle never go. Here a low bench is made of straight sticks, about the 
size of a coffin, raised a foot or two from the grouud ; it is carefully fenced 
in ; the corpse is laid on it, and the whole is then covered with another ' 
horizontal layer, making a sort of box, carefully bound together with 
vines. Over all, a pile of branches and brush-wood is thrown so that 
buzzards and other carrion-eating animals cannot obtain access to the 
body. The body remains here about a year, to allow complete decompo- 
sition. 

In the meantime, the family, or next of kin, on whom devolves the re- 
sponsibility, proceeds to secure a sufficient number of animals, pigs, or 
beeves, according to the importance of the defunct. He also plants a 
corn-field, to supply the material for the chicha. About a year, more or 
less, after the death, one or more priests are engaged. Generally one is 
sought and he selects his assistants. For an ordinary person, one is suf- 
ficient ; while for a chief, or person of distinction half-a-dozen are hardly 
enough. The chief fixes the time when he will be ready. Another offi- 
cial, a steward, called Bi-ka'-kra is also engaged. This latter personage 
takes entire charge as commissary and master of ceremonies. Under his 
direction, the corn is ground for the chicha. The number of bunches of 
plantains that he orders, is obtained ; the animals are killed and cooked 
as he directs ; and the food and drink arc served to whom, and in what 
quantities he designates. The host resigns all to him and becomes thence- 
forth merely a guest, u.ntil all is over. 

When the day approaches, a party goes to the place where the body 
was deposited. One person, set apart for similar unclean work, opens 
the package, cleans and re-arranges the bones and does them all up in a 
A. P. s, — VOL. XIV, 3m: 



Gabb] OUU [Aug. 20, 

bundle about two feet long ; enveloped in a piece of cloth of native make, 
prepared by being painted in an allegorical manner. 

These cloths, about four feet long by two wide, are painted with a led 
vegetable juice, in figures two to four inches long. The devices vary ac- 
cording to the cause of the death of the individual ; whether it be from 
fever or other disease, old age, snake bite, wounds, &c. One of these 
cloths, in the Smithsonian museum, is painted for a jierson who is sup- 
posed to have died from snake bite. 

The bones, having been tied up in the new bundle, are carried, again 
under a pole, to the house where the feast is to be held, and are there 
placed on a little rack overhead, out of the way of persons passing under- 
neath. 

Everything being ready, the first installment of food cooked, the chi- 
cha brewed, and chocolate boiled, the feast begins. 

I had the rare good fortune, not only to witness the ceremony at the 
death of the persons mentioned above, but also to be present at the death 
feast of the chief Santiago. That is to say, I saw all that happened on 
the first and the last days ; the intervening thirteen or fourteen being all 
alike ; a succession of eating, drinking, dancing ; a disgusting scene of 
carousal and debauch that did not possess even the merit of variety. 

The feast was held in a lai-ge house, adjoining the residence of the 
chief Birche. The house is about seventy-five feet long and forty wide ; 
the ends being round, and the only light entering by the large doorway 
left open at one end. A little rack, made of wild cane was tied up to the 
sloping side of the house, about eight feet from the floor, and on this was 
laid the bundle containing the disjointed skeleton of the murdered chief. 
At a given signal, the principal singer or priest took his position on a low 
stool, flanked by the other priests and some volunteers. All were regaled 
with chocolate served in little gourds. The priest began a low chant and 
two men started twirling the stick to light the fire. As fast as one tired, 
another took his place until the sparks glowed in the pit bored in the 
lower stick. A yell from the priest announced this, and apiece of cotton 
wool was ignited from the burning dust ; with this the fire-wood, pre- 
viously prepared, was lighted and the fire placed under the remains. 
Here it was kept up until the end of the feast. After the lighting of the 
fire, singing and dancing began in earnest, interrupted occasionally by 
eating and drinking. 

The dances are very similar ; the principal differences visible to an ob- 
server are in the disposition of the dancers, whether in a circle or in one 
or two straight lines. In the latter case, the two lines are parallel, and 
the dancers face each other. The dancing is kept up to the " mvrsic " of 
small drums, carved out of a solid piece of wood, with a single head, 
made of the belly skin of the iguana ; the other end is open. The drum 
is held under the left arm, and is beaten with the tips of the fingers of 
the right hand. The drummers, ranged in a line, sing a monotonous 
song, with a chorus ; the time being beaten ou the drums. Sometimes a 



1875. J ^^-^ [Gabb. 

dried armadillo skin is scraped with a large bean-like seed ; in the same 
manner as I have seen the negroes of the West Indies scrape a roughened 
calabash with a bone. The dancers clasp each other over the shoulder, 
around the waist, or hook arms ; both sexes taking part in the dancing, 
but not in the singing or drumming, these being the especial province of 
the men. The steps are usually about three forward and to one side, and 
then tbe same number backward. When arranged in a circle, this carries 
them gradually around the musicians . When in a straight line, they keep 
on the same spot. The songs are a sort of recitative, sometimes im- 
promptu, sometimes of fixed words ; the chorus a sort of "fol-de-rol," a 
series of meaningless syllables. These songs for dancing must not, how- 
ever, be confounded with the sacred songs of the priests, of which I shall 
have occasion to make fuller mention in the proper place. 

The dances are kept up nearly all, and sometimes all night at the 
funeral feast ; the participants retiring from time to time and sleeping an 
hour or two when exhausted, and returning with renewed viy-or to chi- 
cha drinking, eating, and dancing. It is particularly on these occasions, 
when the older people are too drunk, or too busy to keep strict watch, 

that the younger folks manage to evade their vigilance and . These 

eminently practical courtships almost invariably precede the asking of 
the father's consent by the -would-be bridegroom. 

After more than two weeks of this license and debauchery, during 
which three cows, about a dozen pigs, hundreds of bunches of plantains, 
several quintals of rice, and hundreds of gallons of chicha had been de- 
voured, the bi-Jca-km or steward announced that the commissary had 
given out and the riot must come to an end. I was notified according 
to previous agreement and went at the time appointed. As distinguished 
guests, our party of four were shown to the best hammocks, where 
we were seated, and in a few minutes served with cups of chocolate. In a 
little while, all of the priests seated themselves on low benches, the leader 
in the middle. The lay chorus singers were ranged in a double line 
facing each other and below the priests. The fire was carefully carried 
from its place under the corpse and piled almost between the feet of the 
principal priest. All drank chocolate and the priests sounded their 
rattles. The leader began a low dirge-like song in the sacred jargon, 
which I was told described in detail the Journey of the defnnctto the other 
world. It told of the dangerous rivers he had to cross, where alligators 
lay in wait to devour him ; of the great serpents who disputed his path ; 
of the high hills he had to climb with weary steps ; of the fearful preci- 
pices he must scale ; of the beautiful birds with sweet songs, compared 
with which even the flute-like silguero was as a crow ; of the gorgeous 
butterflies that lightened up the path like flying flowers, and finally of 
his safe arrival at the country of the great 8i-hu, where he would have 
nothing to do but eat, drink, sleep, and enjoy himself. 

The song was divided into stanzas, and the priests all followed the lead 
of their chief, the words being a series of set phrases, but in a language 



Gabb] 5UL( [Aug. 20, 

in part uiiintoUi<^iblo to tlie uninitiated. At tbe end of each stanza wa.s 
a chorus, whore the priests, wlio durin<r the stanza liept time witli their 
rattles, now gave a peculiar twirl, and the lay singers joined in the chorus. 

As the song approached its end, the leader was furnished with a 
big gourd of steaming chocolate, holding about a quart. As he finislied, 
landing the dear departed safe beyond further troubles, ho announced it 
with a most unearthly yell, in which all hands joined ; he at the same 
time turning the chocolate over the tire, totally extinguishing it. The 
party at once arose and for a minute or two all was bustle and confusion 
of prepai'atiou. 

A person, whose office it is to handle the dead, endeavored to lower the 
bundle but it was a little out of his reach. Nobody else could touch it 
for fear of defiling himself. To lend a hand would have cost an Indian 
three days of purification. I drew my long knife, which all learn to carry 
in this country, as an actual necessity ; and with a couple of blows cut 
the fastenings and brought the little cane rack, bundle of bones and all, 
tumbling iuto the outstretched arms of the official, with much more haste 
than solemnity. Kobody seemed shocked, and being a foreigner, and 
withal a medicine man, who had made cures where their best doctors had 
failed, I was of course impregnable to hu-ku-ru'. The aforesaid official 
now lashed the package to its stick, and two long slender strings of loose- 
ly twisted cotton were tied to the head of the package. 

Santiago had had three wives. One of them had re-married to his suc- 
cessor ; but there were two remaining in widowhood. A procession was 
formed. First came the priests with their rattles. Next the chorus 
singers with their drums. Next the corpse, borne by two men, and pre- 
ceded by the two widows, each holding the end of one of the cotton 
strings, leading the dead, as it were, to his final resting-place. Next 
ourselves, as the most distinguished persons present, and escorted by the 
two chiefs. Behind us came the older men, and following them the usual 
rag, tag, and bob-tail of young men, women, boys, and persons of no ac- 
count generally. Some of the boys however, true to boy nature, were 
as usual irrepressible, and instead of keeping decorously in place, skir- 
mished ahead, and on the flanks of the procession, mounting stumps, 
logs, or other commanding points to take in the general etfect of the 
pageant. As the procession filed out of the house, some old chicha jars 
were carried out and ostentatiously broken ; but I observed that nothing 
of real value was destroyed. As soon as the line got fairly under way, the 
priests struck up another song which was kept up until the procession 
halted. 

Everybody had been on so long a debauch that it was decided to take 
a rest of three or four days before the party started off. But it was 
necessary that the bones should be removed from the house. A tempo- 
rary ranch had therefore been built a few hundred yards distant ; and to 
this the remains were carried and deposited until the bearers were in a 
fit condition to proceed. 



1875.] 



503 [Gabfo. 



The final disposal of the remains is a matter of great care. The whole 
of the tribe goes to the district of Bri-bri for this purpose. The rscepta- 
cle is a square pit, about four feet deep and ten feet square. This is 
paved on the bottom with stones, and is roofed over from the weather, 
by a series of heavy hewn slabs of a very durable wood, open on the front 
and ends, and sloping to the ground at the back. Each family possesses 
one of these pits and here, after the funeral feast, the bundle of bones is 
carried and deposited. After the rest, the remains of Santiago were 
carried to the " royal" pit and deposited without fui'ther ceremony. 

The Cabecars, according to Mr. Lyon, have about the same ceremony, 
but their pits are mere holes, not paved, and covered by planks laid on 
the ground level. 

The Tiribis have a death feast, but it differs in some respects from the 
others. The body is buried immediately after death, but no longer with 
the property of the deceased, and, of course, the defunct is not present at 
his final feast, as with the Bri-bris. 

Mr. Lyon, to whom I owe much of the information in the present 
memoir, has described to me one circumstance, in conuec ion with these 
death feasts, that I have not witnessed. The warriors among the Bri- 
bris, who fought in the war with the Tiribis were honored with a little 
different ceremonial. They- are now all gone, and the ceremony is ex- 
tinct. At the death feast, a person entered, clad in a long gown, wig, 
and mask. The gown and wig were made of mastate, or bark cloth, 
covered with " old man's beard " moss, sewed all over it, making a shaggy 
and nearly shapeless mass. The mask was made of half a "tree calabash," 
properly fixed up with a wax nose, &c. A copy of this entire dress was 
made for me by an old Indian, and is now in the Smithsonian museum. 
The person thus accoutred, took part in the dance, made free with the 
women and scared the children without let or hindrance. Mothers with 
young children took them to him and placed them for a moment on his 
shoulder, "to prevent the evil spirit from doing them harm." Neither 
Lyon nor the Indians could give me a very clear account of what spirit, 
whether good or evil, this represented. But the people seemed to regard 
him as rather of the malevolent sort ; to be classed under the general 
head of " ^^■ " or Devil. Doubtless this, at one time had a distinct mean- 
ing, now lost. 

No strictly religious belief can be said to exist among these Indians, in 
the sense that it is usually understood among us. They have, however, 
a series of ideas or beliefs which affect their daily lives and are never lost 
sight of. In connection with the funeral feast, described above, I have 
referred to their idea of a future state. 

During the year that the body lies in the woods, the disembodied spirit 
prowls around, living on wild fruits, of which the wild cacao is the only 
one of which I know the name, although others weie also pointed out to 
me. At the end of that time, when the funeral fire is kindled, the spirit 
is thus attracted to the feast, whence it departs on its final journey. 



(iubl).J oU-i [Aug. 23, 

"When I asked an Indian where it went, lie responded, to the country of 
Si-ba', and in rei)ly to the question; where is that? he pointed un- 
hesitatingly to tlie zenith. Oa inquiring wlieretlie road was, he told nie it 
was invisihlo to the eyes of the living-, but that the spirit (loiy'lru) coul i 
see it. 

In the other world there are uo troubles, no cares. There is plenty to 
eat and to drink, of those things that the Indian loves most here. Plaii- 
tains and corn are never wanting ; meat and chicha are always to be had ; 
and chocoLite, the luxury, pdr excellence of the Costa Eicau Indian never 
runs out, or becomes scarce as, alas too often, it does in Talamanca. lie 
ueeds all his arms and imijlenients, but it does not seem that he will be 
obliged to work. These little discrepancies, the wisest Tsu-r/ur does not 
attempt to explain. After death, the soul remains wandering about near 
the corpse until the burial feast. Then, by means of the songs of the 
Tsu-gurs or priests, It makes its journey to the "promised land." 

Their superstitions are however, somewhat more definite and tangible 
since they affect their every day actions. There are two classes of uu- 
cleanness, nya and bu-kii-ru'. Anything that is essentially filthy, or that 
jvas connected with the death of a person is " nya," anything unclean in 
the Hebraic or Hindu sense is bu-ku-ru'. But bu-hu-ru' is even more 
powerful than it is supposed to be by the Orientals. It suffices not only 
to make one sick, but even kills. In a i^arty where bit-ku-ru' is excited, 
it does not afl:ect all alike, but only attacks the weakest. Bu-ku-ni' 
emanates in a variety of ways ; arms, utensils, even houses become affected 
by it after long disuse and before they can be used again must bs puri- 
fied. In the case of portable objects lefc undisturbed for a long time, the 
custom is to beat them with a stick before touching theoi. I have seen a 
woman take a long walking stick and beat a basket hanging from the 
I'oof of a house by a cord. On asking what that was for, I was told that 
the basket contained her treasures, that she would probably want to take 
something out the next dity and that she was driving off the ba-ku-ru\ 
A house long unused must be swept and then the person who is purifying 
it must take a stick and beat not only the movable objects, but the 
beds, posts, and in short, every accessible part of the interior. The next 
day it is fit for occupation. A place not visited for a long time or reached 
for the first time, is bu-ku-ru'. On our return fi-om the ascent of Pico 
Blanco, nearly all the party suffered from little calenturas, the result of 
extraordinary exposure to wet and cold and of want of food! The Indians 
said that the peak was especially bu-ku-ru', since nobody had ever been 
on it before. Even we foreigners were sick from it, and had any of them 
gone to the summit, they would have surely died. On one occasion, while 
buying some implements, I pulled down off' a rack, two or three "blosv 
guns " that, from the dust on them, must have lain there undisturbed for 
weeks, perhaps mouths. As I reached out my hand, I beared the warn- 
ing cry of '^bu-ku-ru' " from all around ; laughingly disregarding it, and 
telling them that bu-ku-ru' couldn't hurt us, I began examining them. 



1875.] <^^5 [Gabb, 

Some of the people looked very serious and shaking their heads, said I 
would see before long, that somebody would pay for it. Two or three 
weeks after, a fine little Indian boy whom I had with me as a servant, 
poisoned himself by eating excessively of a kind of wild almond called 
variously the"bri-bri," or "eboe " nut. There was not an Indian in that 
party but who firmly believed that it was the bu-ku-ru' of the blow-guns 
that killed him. From all the foregoing, it would seem that bu-ku ru' is 
a sort of evil spirit that takes possession of the objects, and resents being 
disturbed; but I have never been able to learn from the Indians that they 
consider it so. They seem to think of it as a jiroperty the object acquires. 
But the worst hu-ku-ru' of all, is that of a young woman in her first 
pregnancy. She infects the whole neighborhood. Persons going from the 
house where she lives, carry the infection with them to a distance, and all 
the deaths or other serious misfortunes in the vicinity are laid to her charge. 
In the old times, when the savage lavvs and customs were in full force, it 
was not an uncommon thing for the husband of such a woman to be 
obliged to pay damages for casualties thus caused by his unfortunate wife. 
Nya (literally filth) is a much less serious afltdir. As soon as the woman 
is delivered of her child, she ceases to be bu-ku-ru', but becomes nya and 
has to be piirified in the manner ah-eady described. All the objects that 
have been in contact with a person just dead, are nya and must be either 
thrown away, destroyed, or purified by a 'doctor.' He can handle them, 
but must purify himself afterwards. The persons who assist in prepar- 
ing the corpse, who carry it to the temporary resting-place, or who even 
accidentally touch it or the unclean things, are all nya and must be 
purified. 

Purification from this latter uncleanness is a simple matter. The per- 
son washes his hands in a calabash of warm water, the " doctor " blows a 
few whiffs of tobacco-smoke over him, and the thing is done. But the 
former is much more serious. For three days the patient eats no salt in 
his food, drinks no chocolate, uses no tobacco, and if a married man, 
sleeps apart from his wife. At the expiration of that time,, the warm 
water and tobacco smoke are called into requisition and the cleansing is 
complete. 

Of Gods, deities, spirits, or devils, there are as follows ; the " great 
spirit " or principal superhuman being is called Sl-bu' by the Bri-bris and 
by the Cabecars ; by the Tiribis he is called Zi-bo', by the Terrabas Zu-bo' 
and by the Borucas, Si'-buh. A good spirit, from whom nothing is to be 
feared, he receives a sort of passive respect, but no adoration or worship. 
He is rather looked on as the chief of the good country, of the future 
state, but as not troubling himself much about mundane matters. It 
will be seen, therefore, that in their theology, the entire family of tribes is 
essentially monotheistic, although they have taken the first insensible 
step towards a plurality of gods, in the manner so admirably indicated 
by Max Miiller, in his " Chips from a German Workshop." They believe 
in but one God, and assert his unity with an emphasis worthy of Moslems 



Gabb.] OOO [All?. 20, 

and yet their priests give him twenty names, in their songs. Tliese 
names, so far as I could ascertain, all refer to his qualities. One Bri-bri, 
whom I had with me as a servant for over half a year, and from whom I ob- 
tained much valuable information, particularly in regard to the language, 
said to me, ""Why do you foreigners ask us how many Gods there are?- 
There is only one, and that is Si-bu'.'^ 

The Devil, or devils, are minor personages, who receive no worship of 
any kind. Tiiey are called, Bi, by the Bri-bris and Cabecars, Au in 
Tiribi, AiiJi in Terraba, and Ka-gro' in Boruca. The devil is generally 
malevolent, but does not seem to be specially feared. Bi among the Bri- 
bi'is is a term also used for a variety of lesser devils, or evil spirits who 
have special missions, like making people sick, &c. Some of these in- 
habit the less frequented parts of the forests and mountains, and are 
very jealous of their domains. People entering an unfrequented region, 
make as little noise as possible. If they make the local Bi, angry with 
their noise, he will revenge himself by a shower or by causing somebody 
to fall and hurt himself, or to be bitten by a snake, &c. A person who 
has once been in these places cm return with less risk, but all new-comers 
must keep at least a comparative silence. Another class of beinas inhabit 
the rocks on the summits of certain mountain peaks. They live indde 
the rocks, not among them, consequently their habitations are undis- 
tinguisliable to mortal eyes. They seem to have the same habits as 
ordinary humans. One of these peaks, a mile or two across a' caiion, in 
front of a place called Sar-we, is thus inhabited according to the accounts 
of the people of Sar-we. They told me of hearing singing, the beating 
of drums, &c., coming from that direction. The configuration of the 
hills is sucli that a glance showed me, that a drum beaten at certain of 
the houses ia the caiion of Uren, would echo back from this hill to Sar-we 
and thus account for the sounds. These people of the U-jums, as the 
uaked peaks are called, are said to be the owners of the tapirs which 
roam through these solitudes. They are very jealous of their nlomains 
and cause, by some occult means, the death of any one who dares ap- 
proach their homes. I could not induce an Indian to accompany us to 
the summit of Pico Blanco, partly on account of hu-ku-ru', and perhaps 
more still for fear of the people of the U-jum or peak. In addition to 
these beliefs, they also believe in the efficacy of incantation by their Awas 
or doctors, of whom more immediatel}'' ; and further in certain ceremo- 
nies or observances of their own. I have seen a womau carefully collect 
a bunch of some weed and taking it to the river wash her face, nock, 
breast, and arms with it. This was to bring good luck to the men who 
were at the time at work turning a stream to dry its bed, for the purpose 
of catching fish. She had her reward ; hundreds of fish of 2 to 4 pounds 
weight were captured, and of a quality as fine as shad. 

There is a peculiar wood, of which I shall have occasion to speak 
further on, used only for walking sticks for the chiefs and more eminent 
persons. The growing tree is unknown and it is only obtained by the 



1875.] Sl-N [Gabb. 

accidental discovery at rare intervals, of a half-rotten trunk in the woods. 
It is prized principally for its color, which is between that of old mahog- 
any and rosewood, and which is probably in part due to seasoning, or to 
some change in the heart, consequent on the decomposition of the sur- 
face. When an Indian finds one of these sticks, he mai'ks the spot, but 
dares not take possession immediately. He must purify himself by a 
three days fast before he can begin work on it. It is believed that these 
sticks are under the protection of a poisonous snake, and if the per>!on 
has not properly prepared himself, the guardian will revenge the outrage 
by biting him. 

The privileged classes, apart from the chiefs, are three. Two of these 
are hereditary. The U-se'-Jca-ra is a sort of high priest, and is of nearly 
as great importaiice in the eyes of the people as the chief. In fact, .the 
time was, and not very long ago either, when the chiefs themselves made 
journeys to visit him as suppliants. The present incumbent is a youth 
of perhaps twenty-five years of age, and is not yet full fledged. His pre- 
decessor, his father, died recently, and, until after the funeral feast, he 
cannot enter fully into the exercise of his functions. The family lives far 
back in the hills of Cabecar, and, although a member of that despised 
tribe, has from time immemorial held undisputed sway over both it and 
the Bri-bris. 

The former TT-se'-ka-ra was very arrogant, and would hold no commu- 
nication with foreigners. He claimed supernatural powers, and held fre- 
quent interviews with spirits. On these occasions he went alone to a cave, 
several miles from his house, and spent days together there. On his 
I'eturn he would not converse even with his own family, Nobody but his 
familiar, now a very old man, was allowed to serve him, or even to speak 
to him for a certain number of days after his return from one of these 
mysterious journeys. He rarely traveled aboiit, or visited his neighbors. 
He lived by levying contributions on the people, or by voluntary presents. 
His only beveriige was chocolate, and the cacao was contributed as 
voluntary gifts from jjeople far and near. If he entered a house, and 
offered to buy, or expressed even admiration for anything, whether a 
chicken, a pig, or any other object, it was at once presented to him. It 
was, considered as good as forfeited. If not presented, it would be sure 
to die auyhoAV, and his ill-will would be gained besides. In case of any 
public calamity, like an epidemic disease, or a scai'city of food from 
drought, the chief only must visit him , and beg his intercessions with the 
spirits. He would pay no attention to private appeals. In case he felt 
inclined to be gracious, he would retire to his cave, and in due time after 
order a fast. The young man who now holds the j)Osition, is one of 
the finest looking men in the country. He is tall and well formed, his 
good-oatured looking face bears an expression of seriousness hardly in 
keeping with his youth ; and his whole bearing is grave and impressive. 
I was forcibly struck by his manner, being so strongly in contrast with 
the light-hearted, talkative character of most of the people. When in 
A. p. s. — VOL. XIV. Sis 



CJabl).] OUo [Aug. 20, 

Cabccai" he visited us twice, and on neither occasion did ho speak, except 
when spoken to, unless it was to make some remark, in very fi-w words, 
and in a low tone of voice, to some of his attendants. His dress consisted 
of a white shirt, not over clean, a woven cotton breech-cloth, a bri<j;lit-red 
handkerchief, tied in a roll around his head, aud a magnificent necklace 
of four strands of large tiger's teeth. He Si»ld me two of the strings for 
half-a-dollar, and I presented him with some trilles, among which was the 
rather suggestive article, a bar of soap. He accepted them without any 
acknowledgment. But then they don't know how to say, "thank 
you." 

Next in importance are the Tsxi'-gtirs. These are the ordinary priests, 
and their duties are confined to officiating at the feast for the dead. Like 
the preceding, they are hereditary ; only members of one or two families 
can become priests, and these seem to have all descended from a common 
ancestor. I have already described the performances of the Tsu'-Qur at the 
death-feast of Santiago, and there is nothing to add in that connection. 
Other feasts only differ in the less degree of profusion and the shorter 
time they occupy. But there is one circumstance of which I have said 
little, and that has always seemed to me mysterious. Unfortunately, from 
no want of effort on my part, I was not successful in investigating this 
more thoroughly. The songs of these priests are in a language, dialect, 
or jargon, whichever it may be called, in great part unintelligible to the 
uninitiated. Some words used are in the vernacular, but many of the 
nouns are peculiar. Si-bu, or God, has at least twenty names ; many na- 
tural objects have names peculiar to the priests, and the difference is so 
great that not only I, with my imperfect knowledge of the language, but 
Mr. Lyon, who speaks it as well as an Indian, could not understand even 
the pui'port of the songs. These songs are taught by rote to the young- 
candidates to the priesthood, and are always rehearsed by the priests 
apart, before being sung. I made several efforts to obtain a vocabulary, but 
in each case was defeated, rather by the want of understanding on the part 
of the priest, than from any unwillingness to impart what they knew. At 
last I made an agreement with the most intelligent aud best informed of 
them. He was to visit me at a certain time and answer all my questions 
— for a consideration. But a severe attack of rheumatism prevented his 
coming and lost me the last chance. I have no theory to offer as to the 
origin of this singular fact. But two exi^lanations however, seem pos- 
sible. Either the whole thing is an invention, which I think hardly proba- 
ble, or the system is an exotic, and the songs are in the original language 
of the missionary who introduced it. I can hardly express my regret at 
failing to obtain some clue to so interesting a problem. 

Finally come the Awas, sorcerers, or doctors. This is an open profes- 
sion, and since it requires but little preparation, gives certain i^rivileges 
and standing, and brings occasional emoluments, it is pretty numerously 
filled. The fellows are an arrant set of quacks, and I do not believe there 
is a single one who acts in good faith. Nevertheless, the people as a rule 



1875.1 50 J [Gabb. 

believe in them. Some of the more intelligent or more civilized of the 
Indians, those vpho have been most in contact with forei,^ners, take for- 
eign medicines when sick, but they are the exceptions. Their method of 
purifying an unclean person has already been described under the heads 
of child-birth and uncleanness. They also claim to bring or drive away 
rain. To do this, the doctor must have a pipe full of tobacco, or a cigar. 
He goes into the open air, smokes, blow;s the smoke in certain directions, 
calling out in an imperative tone of voice, "Rain, go to — " whatever 
place he may see fit to designate'. Once when prisoners between two 
swollen rivers, forced to wait for them to fall low enough for us to ford ; 
one of our few means of amusement was to give one of these fellows, in 
our suite, a pipe full of tobacco, and set him to clearing up the weather. 
He would go outside of our little hut, and between the pufifs of smoke 
would call out, " Rain, go to Panama, " "go to Chiriqui," "gotoCar- 
tago," in short, to every remote place of which he happened to know the 
name. It took him ten days before his efforts were crowned with success, 
and when ultimately the blue patches did begin to appear in the sky, he 
had the effrontery to calmly claim it as his doing ! They also claim to 
"blow" a proposed route of travel, so as to drive away snakes and bring 
good luck on the route. In this case, the modus operandi is practically 
the same as for the weather. But their master efforts are when charming 
away sickness. To see the process, two of my companions feigned sick- 
ness and called in the services of one the doctors. He caused each one 
to procure a live chicken. Catching the animal by the neck and heels he 
made passes all over the body of the patient, in every direction. Any 
small animal will answer. Sloths, opossums, even young alligators are 
used, and are said to be equally efficacious. 

After some minutes of this manipulation, he lighted a pipe and blew 
tobacco-smoke at them. Having given them numerous injunctions about 
diet, such as forbidding the use of coffee, tobacco, pepper, and salt for a 
day or two, he went outside the house, and spent half the night seated 
under an orange tree, singing a doleful ditty, enlivened at irregular 
periods by unearthly howls and groans. His fee for all this was, in addi- 
tion to the two fowls, used in the ceremony, and which was all he would 
have received from an Indian, sixty cents from one and forty from the 
other ; the fees being graduated by the gravity of the supposed infirmi- 
ties. These doctors claim that their powers are based on the magic 
merits of certain charms they carry about with them. These charms are 
supposed to be calculi, extracted from the viscera of animals. Our friend, 
who tried to change the weather, possessed three of these. One pur- 
ported to be from the liver of a sloth, anotherfromthebladder of some other 
animal, &c. I examined them with a glass, and am convinced that they 
were mere fragments of little calcareous veins, common in the metamor- 
phic rocks of the country, and which had been ground smooth by friction. 
My little knowledge of medicine, and a moderately well-supplied medi- 
cine-case, enabled me to make numerous cures, and of course I soon 



Gabb.] OiO [Aug. 20, 

acqnireil the title of Awa. When asked by my brother professionals to 
exhibit my charms, I always gravely produced my little pocket compafcs, 
which, by its mysterious movements, never failed to impress them. I 
never could persuade the boldest to touch it. 

Three kinds of fasts are observed. The first is only when ordered by 
the U-se'-l-a va on great public occasions. This is general and simulta- 
neous overall the country. Sufficient food is prepared beforehand to last 
for three dajs, the usual time fixed. During those three days, no lires 
are lighted ; the food is served and eaten in silence ; no unnecessary 
conversation is allowed ; the i)eople stay strictly inside their houses, or if 
they go out during day time, they carefully cover themselves from the 
light of the sun, believing that exposure to the sun's rays would "turn 
them black " ; no salt or other condiment is used in the food ; no chocolate 
is drunk, and even tobacco is forbidden. The second kind is similar, 
though less rigid than the first, and is voluntary; the same restrictions 
are observed with reference to lires and food, but the people may talk 
and go out, avoiding, however, carefully all chance of contact with 
bu-ku-m'. The third is still more limited, and is the individual fast 
already referred to for cleansing from hu-ku-ru'. 

The feasts are of two classes ; the death feast already described, and 
re-unions for labor. In the latter case ; when a person wants to do an 
extraordinary piece of work, like clearing a piece of forest for a planta- 
tion, he pi'ovides a suitable quantity of food, and especially of chicha. 
On the day appointed his neighbors unite early at his house, or at the 
spot designated, and work industriously until about noon. All then re- 
pair to the house, and, after a good round of chicha drinking, food is 
served, followed by more chicha. After a while dancing begins, and is 
kept \\\i as long as the chicha holds out. Sometimes the work is con- 
tinued for two or three days, but always ends early in the day, the after- 
noon and evening being devoted to eating and especially to drinking. 

No labor can be accomplished without liberal allowances of chicha, and 
tlie man who is the most profuse in this respect is the best fellow. A 
man will sometimes undertake to make his own clearing, unassisted, but 
it is very slow work, and drags on at the rate of two or three hours' work 
a day, with many days of rest. The trees once cut down, the man will 
burn off the brush, assisted by his sons, or sons-iu-law, if he has any, and 
then plants his crop ; usually corn for making more chicha. After that 
it has to take care of itself. He goes out occasionally to hunt, fish, or some- 
times to bring a bunch of plantains. When the corn is nearly ripe, the 
boys have to watch it to scare off the parrots and pigs. If there are no 
boys in the family, then all hands usually go and occupy a little shed in, 
or on the edge of the cornfield. They feast on the green and ripening 
corn until it is too hard to boil, and then collect what has been left to 
ripen. 

The labor of the women is to bring plantains and water, and to cook 
and wash. They are never required to do work in the plantation, unless 



1875.] ^1^ [Gabb. 

it be perljaps, to help gather and to help carry home the corn. All the 
sewing is done by the men, even of the little shirts or jackets worn by 
the women. In carrying loads, the women rival the men in power and 
endurance . It is nothing uncommon to see a woman, with a big load on 
her back, and her year old baby seated on top, with his little legs dang- 
ling over the front edge of the load. The little monkeys ride securely 
there through the bush and dodge the overhanging vines and branches as 
expertly as could be done by an old horseman. When working for each 
other the people use their own machetes and axes, as a matter of course ; 
but when hired by a foreigner, they invariably expect to be furnished with 
tools by their employer. 

Domestic industry is at the very lowest ebb. Manufactures can hardly 
be said to exist. The only articles made, beyond furniture, arms &c., are 
hammocks, net bags, cotton, cloth, and pottery. All of these are coarse 
and inferior in quality. None of the skill exhibited by the Gruatemalan 
Indians exists here. The hammocks are made of a coarse twine, derived 
from the leaves of a species of agave, and are loosely woven in a frame? 
with a needle. They are hardly long enough for an ordinary person to 
lie at length in them with comfort, atid are used more for seats than for 
sleeping. They are swung between the posts of the house, near the door, 
and at a height of from a foot to a foot and a half from the floor. Every- 
thing is carried in net bags. They are made with a needle of bone and 
"meshed " like our fish nets. Some of them are very fine and they are 
of all sizes, from three inches to two feet deep. They are suspended by 
a string made of the same material, usually an inch' wide and woven 
openly, in the same manner as the hammocks. The material of the finer 
and ordinary bags is the fibre of a species of aloe, or agave, much finer 
than that used for hammocks, and naturally nearly white. It is usually 
dyed of various colors to suit the fancy of the maker. The colors are 
obtained from several of the native plants and are very durable. A 
coarser kind is made of the same fibre as the hammocks. These are made 
with larger meshes, and are used to carry plantains, corn &c., from the 
field to the house. 

The people of Tiribi procure all their bags from the Bri-bris, and I 
believe, their hammocks also. The Valientes, living beyond the Tiribis, 
in the adjoining parts of the District of Chiriqai, make similar bags, but 
much finer and more elaborately wrought. The colors in the Bri-bri nets 
are always arranged in simple bands, while the patterns of the Yaliente 
nets are often complicated and exhibit considerable taste. 

Belts, breech-cloths, cloths for wrapping the bones of the dead, and 
women's petticoats are woven of cotton. The cotton is raised with no 
cai-e beyond planting a few seeds and allowing the plants to take care of 
themselves. They grow to the height of ten or twelve feet, and almost 
every house has a few in its vicinity. The yellow flowers, buds, and open 
bolls are seen all the year round, together on every tree. The women 
collect the ripe cotton, pick it from the seeds with their fingers and spin 



Gabb.] OU [Aug. 20, 

it. Tho loom is a simple frame of four sticks, the two upright ones are 
planted in the ground ; the other two rudely tied to these. The warp is 
wrapped ai'ound the two horizontal bars and a simple contrivance of 
threads is arranged to open and reverse it. The thread for the woof 
wound on slender sticks is then passed through in the usual manner and 
di'iven tight by blows of a smooth stick. The process is exceedingly slow 
and tedious and I have never seen it performed except by the men. The 
belts are usually two to three inches wide and four or live feet lone. 
Breech-cloths are about four feet long and a litle more then a foot wide. 
The cloths for the dead and the women's petticoats are wider and a trille 
longer. Except the cloths for the dead, which are woven white and after- 
wards painted, most of this cotton work is ornamented with colors. Be- 
sides native vegetable dyes, the people of Bri-bri buy cotton dyed a dirty 
purple with the blood of the murex. This is procured from the people of 
Terraba on the Pacific. They also now occasionally buy colored threads 
of foreign production, especially a rich bluish purple, of which they are 
particularly fond. All of this weaving is with very coarse thread, nearly 
as thick as the finer twines used by shopkeepers in the United States for 
tying small packages. The cloth is consequently coarse in texture and 
rough in appearance, but closely woven and soft to the feel. It makes 
excellent towels, though rather heavy for that purpose. The largest 
piece of work of this kind I ever saw, was a blanket large enough to cover 
a good sized double bed. It was in possession of an old woman who 
wanted to siell it to me for a cow, and refused ten dollars cash. 

The pottery now made is the coarsest and poorest I have ever seen. 
None of the finely made and elaborately ornamented vessels found in the 
huacas or graves are made at present. The use, for half a century or 
more, of foreign cast-iron pots and kettles has restricted this industry, 
and possibly helped to injure the character of the work. But two or 
three vessels taken by me from Tiribi graves, certainly not less than fifty 
or sixty years old, are in no respect superior to those made at the present 
day. Native earthenware is now only used for receptacles for chicha. The 
jars are large — say from ten to twenty gallons capacity. The form is very 
simple, the workmanship is rough, the clay is coarse and badly mixed, 
the burning is almost always imperfect, and they are always without tbe 
slightest attempt at ornament. The jars are moulded by hand, the clay 
being added spirally, and moulded by the fingers and trimmed with a 
smooth stick, in exactly the same manner as I have seen done by the 
negro women in Santo Domingo. After a certain amount of drying, they 
are burnt in the open air, in a fire of sticks heaped over them. Each jar 
is burnt separately. 

Although not given to unnecessary exertion, these people travel occa- 
sionally from house to house, and even make journeys to Terraba and 
Limon. The laziest will gladly walk for two days to a dance. They also 
occasionally go off into the less frequented regions to collect sarsaparilla, 
with which to buy whatever of foreign manufacture they may want, like 



1>.75.] Oi'J [Gabb. 

axes, machetes, cotton cloth, &c. They never travel alone; always two 
or more going in compaDy. This is a very prudent measure, since acci- 
dents are liable to happen, like snake-bites, or a bad fall, and a person 
alone and disabled in these wilds, would be more than apt to die before 
he would be discovered. The pi-eparations fur a trip into the forest are 
simple, but require time. If there are no plantains to be found in the 
neighborhood to which they are going, a large supply is collected. They 
are skinned, boiled, and dried hard in the smoke of a slow fire. This is to 
diminish the weight. A sufficient supply of corn is ground and made 
into a paste, either with or without the admixture of ripe plantain, for 
chicha. This is done up in bundles of about a gallon and a half in bulk, 
carefully wrapped in large leaves and tied with strips, torn from the foot- 
stalk of the plantain leaf. At last, all being ready, every person loaded 
with all he or she can carry, they start out, the loads done up in as com- 
pact a bulk as possible and carried on the back, suspended from the fore- 
head by a strip of mastate, or bark cloth. Each person also carries ia the 
hand a staff, four or five feet long, made of some tough wood. For ordi- 
nary pni'i^oses, the entire trunk of certain slender palm trees is used. 
This makes a stick about as thick as an ordinary civilized walking stick, 
but very strong, and sufficiently elastic to yield a little without breaking. 
The chiefs and a few other persons of consequence, like the priests, usually 
carry a stick of the red wood described above. This is neither so strong 
nor so light as the palm stick, but it is a privilege of rank, and is pre- 
ferred in consequence. If the party is going on a trading trip — while the 
stronger members carry the load of sarsaparilla or rubber, still there are 
always some, either women or boys, who carry the inevitable bundles of 
chicha paste. Even when going from one house to another visiting, or to 
a dance, the chicha is not forgotten, unless the distance is so short that 
they are not liable to become thirsty on the road. On arriving at a house, 
the party enters without a word, and each person seats himself where 
most convenient, but as near the door as possible. The owner of the 
house, or in his absence, his wife or the next most responsible person 
approaches the new arrivals and salutes with, "You have come;" "I 
have come;" "Are you well?" "I am well, how are you?" "I am well." If 
a particular friend, or a person of consequence, he is invited to seat him- 
self in a hammock. The people of less importance are allowed to take 
care of themselves. In a few minutes the women of the house approach 
with calabashes or vessels made of folded leaves full of chicha. If choco- 
late is to be had, it is prepared at once, and offered in place of chicha. 
This is a delicate attention, only shown to friends or persons of considera- 
tion. Common folks must be content with chicha. Whether chocolate or 
chica, it is served at least three times, at very short intervals, and at last, 
when you cannot swallow any more, the polite thing is to say to the per- 
son offering il, "drink it yourself," an advice usually followed, and which 
stops the supply. If the people are particularly inclined to be hospitable, 
and are fortunate enough to be well supplied, it is not uncommon for the 



Uabb.] i^l-i [Aug. 20, 

visitor to be ovorwbelnicd with little presents of food. I have been pre- 
sented within half an hour, in one house, with live calabashes of choco- 
late, at least half-a-dozen quarts of chicha, a dozen or more ears of green 
corn, and a dozen ripe bananas. The little boys, with whom I made 
friends, fared sumptuously, for it wasn't polite for me to refuse any- 
thing. 

The houses of the Bri-bris are usually circular, from thirty to fifty feet 
iu diameter, and about the same in height. They are composed of long 
poles, reaching from the ground to the apex. These rest on a ring of 
withes or vines, tied in bundles, eight or ten inches thick, and resting on 
a series of upright crotched posts, set in the ground in a circle about a 
third smaller than the outer circumference of the house. Above this ring, 
if the house is large, are one or two more, according to its size, not rest- 
ing on posts, but tied to the sloping poles. The whole is thickly thatched 
with palm leaves, and liuished at the apex by an old earthen jar, to stop 
the leaks. There is but one apex'ture to the house, and this is a large, 
squarely cut door, left on one side. Over the door there is sometimes 
made a little shed, to keep the rain out. The interior is always very dai'k. 
Sometimes, among the Bri-bris, instead of building the house in a circular 
form, it is elongated and has a ridge-pole, but the ends are rounded, and 
the door is in one of the ends. 

Formerly the Cabecar houses were built in the same style ; but now 
most of them are mere sheds, sloping to one side only and open at the 
ends and iu front. The most pretentious house I saw in Cabecar was a 
roof sloping to both sides from a ridge pole to the ground, but open at 
both ends. The Tiribi houses are simply a roof raised on short posts, 
sloping both ways from the ridge but open all around below. Mr. Lyon 
told me that formerly the Tiribis as well as the Cabecars had I'ound houses 
like the Bri-bris, but that the present style is due only to carelessness. 
The tribes are dwindling so rapidly that they seem to have lost heart even 
in so important a thing as building comfortable houses ; and are content to 
put up with any make-shifc that will shelter them from the weather. The 
Bri-bri houses are not only better constructed but are much better fui*- 
nislied than those of their neighbors. Beds are placed around the house 
in the space between the posts and the sloping sides. These are made 
by planting in the ground two sticks, forked at the upper ends ; cross- 
sticks are laid on these, the other ends being lashed with vines to the 
sloping rafters. Over these two horizontal sticks are placed boards made 
of the outer shell of a species of palm ; or wild cane is lashed close together. 
In front of the beds are slung hammocks, between the posts, or to the ends 
of horizontal sticks projecting a little beyond them. The fire is placed 
opposite the door near the back side of the house. It is kept up by plac- 
ing close together, the ends of three large logs which are pushed up as 
they burn off. Over the fire is a barbacue or frame, suilficiently high to 
lee people pass under it. On it is placed food to keep it out of the way. 
of the dogs, pigs, chickens, and ants. The smoke of the fire is sufficient 



1875] ^1^ C^^^^^- 

protection from tlie latter. Back of the fire-place are ranged the chicha 
jars, two or three m number. Being round bottomed, they stand on the 
floor propped up by stones. Scattered around the house are stools or 
benches, rarely more than six inches high, each carved out of a solid 
block of wood. They generally have four feet, though occasionally a 
small, roughly made one is seen, with but two feet, and which is only 
kept in upright position when somebody is sitting on it. The pots and 
kettles about the fire are all of American cast iron, aud vary in size from 
less than a quart to ten gallons capacity. Hanging from the barbacue 
over the smoke, is generally seen a cocoanut shell or a leaf bundle full of 
salt. It is kept here because it is the only place where it will remain dry. 
Suspended from the roof are baskets of from one to three cubic feet 
capacity. .They are usually made of a peculiar, very hard, and very flex- 
ible vine. These are the trunks of the people, and in them are kept their 
clothing and all of their little personal treasures and ornaments. They are 
also used for storing corn or other seeds, like beans, the basket being then 
lined with leaves to prevent spilling. The women also use them for 
carrying water calabashes. These are either gourds or the shells of the 
fruit of the calabash tree, with a small round hole cut in one end. One 
other use of the baskets is to carry loads when the net bags are scarce. 
These nets are also often suspended about the house in the same manner 
as the baskets. Axes, always of the make of Collins, of Connecticut, 
and long machetes, either of this or of some inferior make, are to be 
found in every house. Collins' hardware has gained a permanent reputa- 
tion among these people, who will give twice as much for a leather 
handled machete of this brand, as for any other kind. Of other tools, 
the most noteworthy is a heavy stick sharpened to a chisel edge at one 
end and beveled on one side. This is used for making holes in planting 
corn or plantain sprouts, and the edge is used to beat down high grass. 
It works almost as effectually as a scythe. Hooked sticks for lifting the 
iron kettles, others cut with short radiating branches at the end, like a 
five or six pointed star, for stirring chocolate, and paddles for stirring 
food are always found near the fire. Calabashes and gourds with small 
holes cut in one end for water bottles, and other calabashes cut in half 
for drinking cups, are also found in every house. Food usually, and even 
drink sometimes, are served in leaves, called in Spanish " platauillo," 
smaller and tougher, but otherwise resembling those of the plantain. 
These are dexterously folded so as to hold a quart or moie of fluid with- 
out spilling. 

Of arms, besides the inevitable machete and vei-ygood double-barreled 
guns, they possess bows made of a very tough kind of palm wood. They 
are straight and usually about five feet long. The string is made of the 
finer kind of agave fibre. The arrows are of three kinds. All have a 
butt two and a half to three feet long, made from the light flower stalk 
of the wild cane. This is a mass of pith, with a thin hard shell on the 
outside, giving the requisite stiffness. They are not feathered. The 

A. p. s. — VOL. siv. 3o 



Qabb.] OiU [Aug. 20, 

frout end, from two to even four feet long, is made of the same wood as 
the bow. For fish this is sharpened to a point and is barbed oi one, two, 
or even three edges, or is made round. For quadrupeds, the wood is 
shorter, not barbed, and is tipped with a lance-like liead made by 
laboriously grinding down an old knife blade to the requisite form. For 
small birds, the head ends in a broad round button. Hat on the face. The 
Tiribis use also a little arrow, ending in a slightly open bunch of small 
reeds. These are for killing a fish, common in the Tilorio. never more 
than five or six inches long, and which rests attached to rocks by a sucking 
surface. The fish is so small that several points are necessary to the 
arrow, so that if one does not strike another may. No poison is used on 
the arrows, and, in fact the people seem to know of none. In their 
quarrels, a stick is used over six feet long, nearly an inch thick and 
about two inches wide, and made of the same wood as the bows, arrows, 
and planting-sticks. It is very heavy and is grasped by the lingers and 
thumbs of both hands in such a manner that they are guarded from a 
blow. They guard and strike an "over-blow" always holding by both 
hands. They are going out of use now that the people have discovered 
the easier, but more dangerous process of litigation. Cracked heads and 
broken arms give way to damages. For killing small birds the blow-gun 
is used. This is a tube seven or eight feet long, made by punching and 
burning the pith out from the heart of a palm trunk, nearly two inches 
thick. They are made very straight and ti'ue inside, and are provided 
with a double sight on top, made of two glass beads placed half an inch 
apart : when finished they are covered with some resin or a species of 
pitch to keep them from cracking or warping. The missiles are clay 
balls. These, previously prepared are carried in a little net, with them 
there are two bone implements. One, simply a straight heavy piece of 
bone used to drive a ball out of the tube by its weight, incase of sticking. 
The other is similar in appearance, but the end is worked into a round 
pit with sharp edges, for trimming the balls to the proper size and shape. 
During the war between the Bri-bris and Tiribis, at the beginning of this 
century, the principal arm used was an iron-headed lance fastened to a 
shaft barely four feet long. For defense, round shields were carried on 
the arm, made of the thickest part of the hide of the tapir. I was 
fortunate enough to secure specimens of both, together with nearly all 
the other implements, &c., described in the pi'esent paper. They are all 
in the Smithsonian Museum. 

All people have some kind of music which doubtless gives pleasure to 
them, although to our unappreciative ears it may sound rude and dis- 
agreeable. The Marimba, an African instrument, found all over semi- 
civilized Central America, is unknown here. I cannot understand the 
surprise of an eminent African traveler, who writes wonderingly of the 
coincidence, of finding this instrument in use in Africa and among the 
Indians of C-ntral America. It was introduced with the African slaves 
and has been retained among their descendants and neighbors. The 



1875.] ^1'^ t^^'^^- 

savage Indians do not possess it. The drum is their greatest favorite. 
It is from twenty inches to two feet long, cylindrical for half its length, 
with a diameter of six or seven inches ; it then tapers convexly to near 
the other end and then widens out a little. The pattern is always the 
same, and the size varies but a few inches. The larger end is tightly 
covered with the skin from the belly of the iguana lizard. It is glued on 
by fresh blood, being held in place with string until dry. A cord tied 
around each end suspends it loosely from the left shoulder, and it is held 
under the lefc arm, being beaten with the tips of the fingers of the right 
hand. It is used principally to accompany and keep time to singing and 
is an indispensable part of every feast or gathering of whatever kind. 
To accompany the invigoratiag music of the drum and help the din, an 
armadillo skin is sometimes used. This is scraped over the rings with a 
large hard bean-like seed. It at least helps to add to the noise, if 
it does not contribute melody. A little flute, about as musical as a penny 
whistle, is sometimes added to the concert, though it seems rather to be 
looked upon as a toy. These flutes are made. of a bone of some bird, per- 
haps a pelican. The bone has half-a-dozen holes drilled in it, and the 
end is plugged with wax, so as to direct the air to the larger aperture 
near the end. I bought one from a Tiribi made of a deer's bone. The 
priests use in their songs a rattle, made of a small pear-shaped tree cala- 
bash, lashed to a bone at the small end. This contains a few seeds of the 
" shdt plant," or Carma. It is held upright and solemnly shaken in time 
with the song until the end of the stanza, when, as a signal for the chorus 
to strike in, it is given a dexterous twirl, throwing the seeds rapidly around 
inside. On very solemn occasions a curious box is also \ised. It is about 
eight inches long by four square on the end. It is carved out hollow, with 
a long tongue on' one face, isolated by a U-shaped slit. A heavy handle 
is attached to one end, also carved out of the same block. When used, it 
is simply struck on the above-mentioned tongue with a bone or piece of 
hard stick. This is only used on the death of a chief. There is but one 
in the tribe, and no bribe that I could offer sufficed to buy it- 

Fashions in dress change even among savages, at least as civilization 
approaches. Formerly the dress of the men consisted only of a breech- 
cloth. It was made of mastate, or bark cloth, about a foot wide and seven 
or eight feet long, tapering at one end. The cloth is made by taking the 
inner bark of either the India rubber or another tree and beating it with 
a roughened stick over a log. This loosens the fibre, and renders it sofc 
and flexible. It is then carefully washed until all the gummy matter is 
washed out. After drying, it is rubbed a little and becomes soft and 
smooth to the feel. To apply the breech-cloth, the wide end is held 
against the belly, the remainder being passed between the legs ; it is then 
wound around the waist and the point tucked in ; the broad end then 
falls over in front, for about a foot long, like an apron. When cotton 
cloth is used, it is simply caught up in front and behind urder a cotton 
belt, with a similar apron in front. Sometimes, for warmth, a shirt of 



Gabb.] ^1^ [Aug 20, 

mastato was worn ; simply a strij) with a hole in tho nii'lcUe for the head, 
and tit'd under each arm with a piece of strinj;. Now many of the men 
have diseaided tlie breech-cdoth, and wear cotton shirts and pantaloons, 
buying the stufl from the traders and sewing them themselves. Others, 
not so far advanced, wear a shirt and a breech-cloth. Formerly the hair 
was worn as long as it would grow, sometimes rolled up and tied behind 
in a knot. Some of the conservatives still stick to the old style and follow 
this custom yet ; others of the men wear their hair in two plaits, but the 
majority cut it to a moderate length, and either confine it by a bright- 
colored handkerchief tied round the head in a roll, or wear a hat. 

The dress of the women originally consisted of a simple petticoat {hana) 
of mastate. Very few now use this material, preferring the softer cotton 
cloth of the traders. The favorite color is a dai'k indigo-blue, with figun s 
five or six inches across, in white. The hana is a simple strip of cloth 
wrapped round the hips, with the ends overlapping about six inches in 
front. It is suspended at the waist by a belt, and reaches more or less to 
the knees. When on a journey in rainy or muddy weather, I have seen 
a simple substitute. It was made of a couple of plantain leaves, stripped 
to a coarse fringe and wound round the waist by the midribs. "With 
nothing above nor below it, it is the nearest approach to a fig leaf one 
can imagine. Only of late have the women begun to wear anything 
above the waist, and even now it is considered hardly necessary. 
Some of the women wear a sort of loose little jacket, or chemis-e, very low 
in the neck and short in the sleeves, that barely reaches the waist and 
only partially conceals the bosom. I have frequently seen a woman, in 
the habit of wearing one of these, either take it off entirely, or fan 
herself with it, if warm, in the ]»resence of a number of men, and evi- 
dently innocent of improper intentions, and unaware that she was 
doing anything remarkable. With this scanty dress, I must do these 
people the justice of saying that they are remarkably mo.iest, both 
men and women. In a year and a half of life in their country, travel- 
ing constantly with a body of them, bathing, fording rivers, living in 
their houses, and seeing more than strangers generally do of the inti- 
mate domestic life of the people they are among, I can onlj' recall a 
single instance of carelessness, and not one of a wanton exposure of 
those jjarts of the person, that their ideas of modesty required to be 
kept covered. 

The dress just described is that of the Bri-bris and Cabecars. The 
Tiribi men, where they do not wear pantaloons, always use the native 
cotton breech-cloth, never the mastate. The women wear a long strip 
of cotton cloth, made with a hole in the middle, like a poncho, and 
reaching before and behind, nearly to the ground. It is gathered up at 
the waist by a belt, and the edges are caused to overlap at the same 
time, so that the whole person is securely covered. I was also told that 
under this they wear a species of breech-cloth or drawers. They are 
much more retiring in their manner than their Bri-bri sisters ; never speak 



1875. J OiJ [Gabb. 

to a stranger except when spoken to, and then reply in as few words as 
possible and with apparent bashfulness. 

For ornaments, all wear necklaces. The favorite ones are made of 
teeth, of which those of the tiger are most highly prized. Only the 
canine teeth are used. Small strings are sometimes made of monkey, 
coon, or other teeth, but are not much thought of. I have seen one of 
these made of five strings of tiger teeth, gradually diminishing in size, and 
covering the entire breast of the wearer. The women rarely, almost never, 
wear these. If they wear teeth, they are of some very small animal. In place 
of them, they use great quantities of glass beads, I have seen fully three 
pounds of beads around the neck of one old woman, and she was the envy 
of all her friends and neighbors. Even little girls are often so loaded 
down that the weight must be irksome to them. Money is often worn by 
the women. On one occasion I paid a man six dollars, all in Costa Rican 
quarters, for his month's work. After a few days I went to his house 
and saw the entire sum strung on his wife's neck. Shells are also some- 
times, though rarely used. The men sometimes carry, suspended from 
the necklace, the shell of a small species of murex, with the varices 
ground off and a hole drilled in it to make a whistle. These are bought in 
Terraba, and are highly prized. 

The men sometimes wear head-dresses made of feathers. The most 
highly prized are the white downy feathers from under the tail of the 
large eagle. Others are made from chicken feathers, or are worked in 
rows of blue, red, black, yellow, &c., from the plumage of small birds. I 
have seen one head-dress made of the long hair from the tail of the great 
ant-eater, in the place of feathers. The feathers are secured vertically to 
a tape and extend laterally so as to reach from temple to temple, curling 
over forward at the top, the tape being tied behind, so as to keep the hair 
in place. 

Painting is somewhat in vogue, to assist in the adornment of the per- 
son, but is not confined to either sex. The commonest manner is to color 
each cheek with a square or parallelogram, about aa inch across, either 
solid or made up of bars. This is done with the dark reddish-brown sap 
of a certain vine, and the pattern resists wear and tear, and water for a 
week or more. Anatto is also used, but more rarely, and is applied in 
bars or stripes to the face, according to the skill or taste of the artist. 
Besides, a hideous indigo-blue stain from a fruit, is sometimes smeared 
on the face or body, but even savage taste does not seem to approve of 
this, since it is very unusual. 

Formerly the Tiribis tattooed small patterns on their faces or arms ; but 
the younger people have not kept up the custom, and the Bri-bris and 
Cabfccars say they never did it. The chiefs on great occasions wear gold 
ornaments, similar to those now found in the Huacas, or graves of Chiri- 
qui. Whether these have been recovered from some of these graves, or 
whether they have been handed down from time immemorial is not 
known. There are but .four or five in the tribe, and two of these belong 



Irabb.] O— U [A.ug. 20, 

to the reigning chief. The others were formerly also property of the 
chiefs, but are said to have been given as rewards of merit to the most 
success I'nl leaders in the Tiribi~war. The two belonging to the chief, as 
well as one belonging to the descendants of one of those warriors, all 
represent birds. The people call them eagles. The largest is between 
three and four inches across ; the smaller of the chiefs two, is double- 
headed. In connection with these "eagles" another royal emblem might 
be mentioned. It is a staff of hard black palm wood, over four feet long. 
The top is carved in the shape of an animal, not unlike a bear sitting on 
his haunches. But there are no bears in this country, and it must have 
been intended for some other animal. Below this figure, the stick is 
square, and is carved out into four pillars several inches long, with spaces 
between them. In the interior, between them, is a cavity in which a 
loose piece of the same wood can be shaken about. It was evidently left 
there in the carving, after the fashion of the Chinese. Below this, the 
stick is plain. I tried every means in my power to obtain this, but could 
not buy it. 

Games of chance or of skill arc equally unknown, and even when 
brought into contact with civiliz ition, they do not seem to take kindly 
to gambling. In fact, they have so little to win or lose, and that little 
is so easily obtained, that the inducement does not exist. 

Their food is simple in material and there is but little variation in the 
manner of preparation. Of meats, besides chickens, they have beef and pork, 
which are however rarely used except at feasts. They know nothing of salt- 
ing meat for future use and can only consume one of these animals when a 
large number is together. Besides the scarcity of beef is so great that 
probably no Indian possesses more than one or two animals at a time. 
Wild meat, like peccary, red monkey, (the other species are rarely eaten,) 
tapir, tiger, even oLter, armadillo, and some other small animals are oc- 
casionally shot. In this case, all of the meat that is not eaten .at once is 
dried as hard as a bone, and perfectly black, in the smoke of a slow fire. 
Larger species of birds like cuiassow are also treated in the same way. 
It is an interesting fact, universally attested, that the bones of this bird 
are absolutely poisonous to dogs, while the meat, though tough, is not 
unpalatable and is perfectly innoxious to man. After a meal it is the 
never-failing custom to gather all the bones carefully, and either burn 
them or place them out of I'each of the dogs. I do not know whether the 
flesh would be equally dangerous, though I doubt if it was ever wasted 
on a dog. This property is said to be due to some fruit or seed they 
eat. Of vegetable food, plaintaius are the staple. In times of scarcity, 
bananas take their place, besides being eaten raw when ripe. The In- 
dians also occasionally eat a raw ripe plantain, although they are coarse 
and the flavor is inferior. The methjds of preparation are, roasted 
green, when they make a poor substitute for bread ; roasted ripe, when 
they are eaten with chocolate, with the idea of sweetening it. They are 
also boiled green, with meat, with green corn, or even alone. Ripe plan- 



1875. J ^21 [Gabb. 

tains boiled and mashed, are mixed in equal quantities of corn-meal paste 
to make chicha, or to bake in cakes. They are also, -when ripe, boiled, 
mashed into a paste, and mixed with water into a gruel. This is drank 
under the name of misli'-la. Maize is raised in considerable quantities, 
and this really involves four-fifths of all their agricultural labor. The corn 
is of a variety of colors ; white, yellow, red, purple, blue, and almost per- 
fectly black. Sometimes the ear, rarely more than six or seven inches 
long, is of a uniform color, but more generally the grains are of two or 
■ more colors. It is boiled green and eaten from the cob, and is thus con_ 
sidered a great delicacy. It is, when ripe, ground for all other purposes. 
The process of grinding is rude and simple in the extreme. If possible, a 
stone, three feet long and two wide, with aflat upper surface, is pi-ocured. 
In default of this, a broad slab of wood is used. For this purpose, a piece 
cut fi-om one of the plank -like buttresses of the Ceiba tree is procured, 
and one side dressed smooth. The remainder of this primitive mill, is a 
stone, about a foot or fourteen inches long, a few inches less in width 
and three or four inches thick. One side must be regularly curved. The 
corn, soaked over night to soften it, is placed on the flat surface and the 
stone last mentioned is rocked on its edge, from side to side. This is 
always done by the women. When the corn is sufficiently ground, the 
paste is put into an iron pot and boiled to mush. If it is intended to 
make cakes, a part of the raw paste is mixed with an equal quantity of 
boiled ripe plantain paste, to sweeten it. It is then rolled in plantain 
leaf and baked in the ashes. When the paste is boiled, sometimes a part 
of it is separated, thinned to the consistency of gruel, and drunk hot. If 
it is intended to make chicha for the road, the thick mush is at once 
mixed with an equal part of ripe plantain paste as before, and tied up in 
leaves. This will keep sweet for two or three days, but gradually fer- 
mentation takes place, and at a week pld, it has a not unpleasant sweet- 
ish acid taste. When ready for drinking, it is dissolved in cold water to 
a thin gruel. The taste for it is easily acquired, and I admit, I be- 
came very fond of it. It certainly does possess intoxicating properties, 
but I cannot conceive how any civilized stomach could accommodate a 
sufficient quantity to produce exhilaration. Still I have seen Indians 
very happy from its. effects. But since I desire these notes to be believed, 
I do not dare to state the quantity I have seen one of these fellows drink. 
Were only half the truth told, it would appear incredible. The method 
of preparing the chicha for use in the house is slightly different. The 
paste is thinned at once, while yet hot. The plantain paste, also thinned, 
is poured into the earthen jar with it, and sufficient water is added to 
bring it to the proper thinness for drinking. To produce rapid fermen- 
tation another process is yet necessary, which I saw once at Dipuk on 
the Uren. A young girl (young girls only, with soiuid teeth perform this 
operation,) having previously rinsed her mouth with a little water, sat 
down on a low stool, with a pile of tender raw corn beside her, and a 
big calabash in her lap. She chewed, or rather bit the grains from the 



Oabb.] o2\a [Aug. 20, 

ear and ejected them from her mouth into the calabash. The rapidity 
of the process was marvelous. She seemed to shave all the grains from 
an eutire ear almost without stopping. There did not to seem be much 
chewing done, but of course the object was to obtain the sali/a secreted 
during the operation. As fast as her calabash was full she eniiitied it 
into the jar of chicha, and proceeded to refill it. I lay in my hammock 
fully half an hour watching her until she had finished. The next day 
that chicha was drank and pronounced excellent. I never tried this kind. 
Such is the force of prejudice. I learned early to prefer doiug my own 
eating. 

Beans are also used to some extent, but the quantity planted is gene- 
rally small, and the people soon have to return to their regular plantains 
and chicha. I do not think I ever saw half a bushel of beans together in 
one house. They arc large, dark, and generally mottled. They never be- 
come very hard, and are of a very good flavor. Small quautities of sugar 
cane, of a very excellent quality, are raised, but it is only for the purpose 
of chewing. They never attempt to make sugar or syrup, although some 
of the foreigners in their country as well as the negroes on the coast make 
the latter, and the Indians are perfectly familiar with the process. Of the 
foreigners in the country, perhaps a dozen in all, sambos or mulattoes, 
■with the exception of Mr. Lyon, all raise rice as one of their most import- 
ant food-s-taples. The Indians are fond of it, frequently buy it, but never 
attempt to cultivate it. Of the less important items, they have the fruit 
of a species of palm called du-ko' (pejibaUe of the Spaniards). This is a 
small pear-shaped fruit, growing in great clusters ; it has a thin skin on 
the outside, and a small round seed in the centre. It may be compared 
to a diminutive cocoanut, the edible portion corresponding with the 
fibrous husk of that nut. The seed corresponding with the cocoanut 
proper, is solid and very hard, but has a pleasant flavor. The fruit is 
very easily raised, .requires no care beyond the first planting, and a little 
weeding for the first year or two, and yet, except at Sarwe, it is very 
scarce. It is from the wood of this tree that the bows, the arrow tips, 
the planting and fighting-sticks, &c., are made. Another species of 
palm furnishes a food, agreeable to the taste, an excellent salad when 
properly dressed, a perfect substitute for cabbage when cooked, but 
withal, as my party discovered on one hard journey we made, not very 
nutritious. It is the bud of tender, half-formed leaves at the top, and 
can only be obtained by cutting down the tree. It is similar to the 
deservedly famous palm cabbage of the "West Indies, and differs prin- 
cipally in being only about half as large. We found, after living on it 
almost alone, for nearly a week, that it was good principally for de- 
ceiving one's self into starving on a full stomach. Kiliti, or "greens" is 
a favorite dish, probably not much moi"e nutritious than the last. It is 
made from various tender leaves, put into a pot with little or no water, 
and gradually steamed into a paste with their own juice. This is eaten 
with salt when they have it ; otherwise, without. 



1875.] ♦^-'^ [Gabb. 

Cacao is in great demand. The delicious sub-acid pulp is first sucked 
from the beans, which are roasted and ground on the chicha board, or 
stone into a coarse paste. It is the greatest luxury they possess. And 
still, I have never seen a young cacao tree belonging to an Indian. They 
depend for their supply on the old trees, planted by past generations. 
I have known an Indian make a two days' journey to collect a little cacao, 
when less labor would plant him fifty trees near his house. 

Fishing is rarely performed with hook and line. They have two 
methods. One is to shoot the fish from a canoe (all the canoes belong to 
foreigners), or from the shore, or a rock. They use very long arrows, 
described previously, and are quite expert. Another method is to select a 
channel of the river beside an island. A frame-work is built at each 
end, of sticks and cane, which extend completely across the stream. 
When everything is ready, the people stationed at the upper end rapidly 
cover the frame-work with the leaves of the cane, so as to stop the water 
running through. Those at the lower frame, also spread on cane leaves, 
but thinner, only so as to keep the fish from passing through. Both par- 
ties must work at the same time, and as rapidly as possible, because as 
soon as the fish find the level of the water lowering they attempt to 
escape, and I was told that it has sometimes happened that every fish 
has gotten away before the dams were finished. In the course of a 
few hours the water is so low that the fish congregate in the deeper 
pools and are shot with arrows, or even taken out by hand. 

The only divisions of time known are the natural astronomical ones : 
the day, the lunar month, and the year. A glance at the vocabulary 
will show that special words are used for day in the abstract as distin- 
guished from night, and for to-day, to-morrow, day after to-morrow, &c. , 
and for yesterday, &c. The month is called by the same name as the 
moon, "si.'" The year is counted from dry season to dry season, and is 
recognized by the ripening of the fiower-stalks of the wild cane, on 
which they depend for arrow-shafts. It is called da-was' from this con- 
nection. 

The local diseases of the country are fevers, acquired by going to the 
coast; or by the hill people, by going down to the low lands. They some- 
times seem to become epidemic, due to an unusually wet season, or to 
the continuance of the rains throughout what should be a dry season. 
The summer of 1874 was particularly fatal in this i-espect. Rheumatism 
is common, especially with the older men. It is brought on by miich 
exposure to rain, and by wading rivers when heated, on journeys. But 
the commonest infirmities are indolent ulcers, usually oh the legs. They 
originate from any little scratch or bruise, and are the result of the low 
vital state of the system, due to a bulky but innutritions diet. A 
wound which, in a person in good health, would heal in a week, may 
result with one of these people in a sore lasting years, and perhaps at 
times involving an area twice as large as the hand. 

Of remedies, they may be safely said to have none. They are learning 
A. p. S. — VOIi. XIV. 3p 



Gabb] c)-4: [Aug. 20, 

to apply to the traders for inedicities for fever. All go to ^Ir. Lyon ia 
case of su;ike-bitc, and when taken in time, he siys he has never failed 
to cnre a case with either ammonia or iodine, as seemed to be indicated. 
It may be interesting to note that after obtaining no relief with one of 
these medicines, he has given the other, and with immediate good results. 
lie gives the iodine in the form of alcoholic tincture in 10 to 15-drop 
doses, every 10 to 15 minutes. Some of them seem to believe in the in- 
cantations of the Aioas or doctors, but foreign medicines are gradually 
gaining ground over sorcery. For rheumatic pains, headaches, &c., 
there are two remedies used. The simplest is counter-irritation by whip- 
ping with nettle leaves. The other is bleeding. The lancet is made usually 
from the tongue of a jew's-harp, broken oil' at the angle and sharpened to 
a point. This is set at right angles in a little stick for a handle, and is 
used by holding it over the affected part and striking it briskly with a 
finger. They never regularly open a vein and draw off a quantity of 
blood, but every stroke makes a separate puncture, from which only a 
few drops exude. At Borubeta I saw a man bled to relieve the aching of 
fatigue in his arms. He had been scraping agave leaves, to extract the 
fibre for hammocks, lie had at least fifty punctures made over his two 
arms. 

The natural products of the country are principally sarsaparilla root 
and iudia rubber. The sarsai^arilia vine is green, angular, and covered 
with thorns. It grows very long and climbs over bushes and even trees 
in the more open parts of the forest. At short distances it is jointed, and if 
it touches the ground every joint sends out a new set of roots. The leaves 
are large and acumiuately oval and have three longitudinal ribs, the mid- 
rib and two parallel ones, half way between the middle and the edge. The 
fruit is round and grows in a cluster something like grapes. The vine 
has a tap-root, and besides sends out a large number of horizontal roots 
near the surface of the ground, and from six to ten feet long. The sarsa- 
parilla hunter first clears away carefully all the bushes and undergrowth 
with his machete. He then, with a hooked stick, digs into the ground 
at the base of the vine until he loosens the earth and finds where the best 
roots are. The tap-root is never disturbed, and it is customary to dig up 
only half the roots at a time, to avoid killing the vine. Having selected 
those that look most promising, he places his hand under one or two and 
gently lifting them, follows their course with his hooked stick, loosening 
the soil and lifting them out, following them to their ends. They are 
then cut off, the dirt carefully replaced around the vine, and the roots 
laid in the sun, or hung up to dry. A vine yields generally from four to 
nine pounds of green roots. When dry they are tied into cylindrical rolls 
a foot long and four or five inches thick, weighing about a pound. 

India rubber is obtained by scoring the bark of the trees obliquely. 
Several cuts are placed one above another and in pairs converging down- 
wards ; the sap being directed in its flow by a leaf placed at the bottom, 
which serves as a spout, to direct it into the vessel placed to receive it. 



1875.] ^-^ [Gabb. 

When collected it looks like milk. It is caused to coagulate and turn 
black by the juice of a species of convolvulus. It is generally made into 
cakes a little over a foot long, about eight inches wide and an inch thick. 
It is with these two articles, and an occasional deer skin, that all the 
purchases are made from the traders. They buy various kinds of cotton 
cloth for clothing, colored handkerchiefs, needles, thread, machetes, 
axes, knives, iron kettles and pots, a few medicines, and powder, shot, 
and caps. Their intertribal trade is still more limited. The Bri-bris sell 
net-bags and hammocks to the Tiribis, and formerly made the large cot- 
ton blankets, already described, for sale in Terraba. They buy in Ter- 
raba cows and dogs, murex-shell whistles, murex-dyed cotton, and beads 
made by rubbing down a small species of shell of the genus Conus. 
Sometimes both the Bri-bris and Cabecars, but especially the latter, cari-y 
sarsapai'illa or rubber a hard ten-days' journey to Matina, to exchange it 
forc'cao, of which they might have enough and to spare for the mere 
trouble of planting it. But Indians are, almost without exception, a lazy, 
miserable, and unimprovable race. 

It is perhaps advisable to state that the whole of the present memoir 
was written in Costa Rica, and it was not until my return to Philadel- 
phia, that I encountered the elaborate compilation of Bancroft, on "the 
Native Races of the Pac fie States." At the date of the present writing, 
but three volumes of the promised five have made their appearancf. 
While I regret that the information in that work, on the present field is 
so meagre, and in some respects so different from my own observations, 
I have said nothing which I wish either to retract or modify. I state 
nothing but what I have seen and learned while living among the people 
whom I describe. At the same time I trust that 1 may not be accused 
of a spirit of antagonism, in pointing out some of the more serious errors 
in the work in question, and which, if not corrected, might seriously 
mislead future students. 

Vol I. Chapter VII. p. 684, et seq. is devoted to "the wild tribes of 
Central America," and the Indians living below Lake Nicaragua, and 
the San Juan River are here designated as Isthmians ; an appropriate 
name, since the family seems to coverall of Costa Rica and most, if not 
all of the State of Panama. But the map, facing p. 684 is utterly incor- 
rect in so far-, at least, as it professes to give the distribution of the In- 
dians of Costa Rica. 

The region of Talamanca described by me, as containing the three 
tribes of Cabecars, Bri-bris, and Tiribis, and known to the Spaniards 
under the generic term of Blancos, is here given up to the Valieutes, who 
should be placed to the south and south-east of the Chiriqui lagoon ; and 
the Ramas, who live in Nicaragua, back of the Mosquito coast. The 
central plateau, in which are situated the cities and towns of Atenas, 
San Ramon, Alajuela, Heredia, San Jose, Cartago, &c., in short, that 
occupied by practically the entire Hispano-American population of Costa 
Rica, is here given to the Blancos, and on the shores of the Gulf of 



r'lt' 

Gabb] O-K) [Au?. 20, 

Nicoya, where at present no Indians live, ai'e placed Orotifians and 
Guetares. Further, no tribes are placed in South-western Costa Rica, 
where the semi-civilized Terrabas and Brunkas live ; but on p. 748, the 
author states that "dwelling in the western part of the state are the 
Terrabas and Changuenas, fierce and barbarous nations, at constant 
enmity with their neighbors." Now the Terrabas, as well as their neigh- 
bors the Brunkas, or as the Spaniards call them, the Borucas, live in one 
or two little villages, and are under the complete control of missionary 
priests, both ecclesiastically and municipally, and are rapidly losing 
their language, as they have their savage customs, and are ajiproaching 
the civilized condition of the villages of Pacaca, Coa, Quiricot, etc., in 
Costa Rica, where the Indians speak only Spanish, and have even lost 
the traditions of their former state. Again, the Changuinas formerly 
occupied the valley of the Changuina or Changina River, the main 
branch of the Tilorio, on the Atlantic slope, and are either entirely ex- 
tinct, or only represented by a handful of individuals, swallowed up by 
the neighboring Tiribis on one side, and the Valientes on the other. 

In the proper place I have noted what can be said of the Guatusos ; 
there is nothing to add, until a responsible observer has the good fortune 
to penetrate their country, and survive to tell his tale. 

On p. 793 of Vol. 3, is a very short vocabulary of "the language of the 
Talamancas," copied from the publication of Scherzer. This traveler 
did not visit Talamanca, but from internal evidence I believe the 
words to have been obtained from some of the half-civilized Cabecars of 
Tucuriqui or Orosi, little villages not far from Cartago. In evidence of 
its unreliability, I note two or three of the most glaring errors of the 
list. 

"Man signa-kirinema. "Woman signa-aragre." 

Here signa, clearly a clerical error for sigua, means foreigner, and the 
word given for woman — sigua ercikur means foreign woman. So, the 
prefix &a and m before the names of parts of the body is the personal 
pronoun — our. Sulm is mlm "our house." "I he-Tie,^^ is really tliou, the 
error arising from the Indian answering thou, when he was asked, "how 
do you say I," the interlocutor doubtless pointing to himself. Fortun- 
ately the vocabulary is very short, but I am sui'e there are not more than 
three or four words in it that would be intelligible to a Costa Rican In- 
dian. 



1875.] ^^'^ tOabb. 

, Chapter II. 

THE LANGUAGES OF SOUTHERN COSTA RIGA. 

Section I. — the bri-bri language. 

In the following notes, I have endeavored to embody such ideas and 
conclusions as I have arrived at while studying the language and com- 
piling the vocabulary. From the difficulty of obtaining information from 
ignorant people, and from my own, by no means perfect knowledge of 
the language, possibly errors may have crept in, but while I do not think 
any important ones will be found, I do not venture to claim infallible 
accuracy. For a year I labored to find some rule for conjugation, and was 
obliged, as it were, to educate my informers up to the point of being able 
to give me information about a subject they had never thought of, and 
could see no use for. Not content to accept their statements categorically, 
I watched carefully the use of the verbs in their inflexions, and by dint 
of cross-questioning a number of people, and rejecting everything that 
was contradictory, I think the few verbs I have selected are correctly 
given. I have had the advantage not only of a year and a half in the 
country, in daily contact with a fellow-countryman who spoke the lan- 
guage fluently, enabling me thereby to learn it ; but for two months, in 
the meantime, while absent, I had several intelligent Indians with me 
who understood Spanish, and finally, after returning to civilization, I had 
with me for eight months a native, with whom I talked habitually in his 
own language, and from whom I obtained many corrections of the errors 
that a stranger must necessarily make. This boy became an apt teacher 
and voluntarily set me right whenever he heard me use an incorrect ex- 
pression. 

Counting the few abstract words which have doubtless escaped me, 
and all the specific names of animals and plants, and many of the latter 
are made up of an adjective, or the name of some plant, combined with 
wak (tribe), I do not think the language can contain two thousand 
words, and perhaps not fifteen hundred. In preparing the vocabulary 
I have rejected most of these specific names, because there is no corres- 
ponding English word, and a complete natural history collection, careful- 
ly studied by competent students, would be required, so as to obtain an 
equivalent. Even then it would have been useless, because the names 
vary locally as much as similar words do in English. 

In compound words, I have in most cases pointed out the roots, and 
separated the component parts by a + sign. Although so much detail 
may have been unnecessary, the study was interesting to myself, and 
some of the curious results may also interest others. 

There can be no doubt but that this and its allied dialects, like all 
unwritten languages, are undergoing great changes. The language 
spoken in Terraba was formerly, and probably not long ago, the same as 
that of Tiribi. There are marked diff'erences between the Cabecar of 
Coen and that of the Estrella or North River, and even local differences 
in the use of r, I, and d, can be observed between the half of the Bri-bri 



Giibb.] O-jO [Au^'. 20, 

tribe liviiif;- on the Ureu, and the others scattered over the rest of the 
country. In diftereut districts "a little," w»rj-Mi'-7'i is also pronounced 
bi-ri-bi'-ri and wi-di-ici'-di, and many other words especially those with 
r or il before a vowel, vary fully as much. As has been justly observed by 
Max Midler, laziness often helps this. The present name for rain koii'-ni 
for instance, is clearly d<nived from Icoiuj'-li. In fact the proof exists in the 
form of the word for dust koiqj'-mo-li. But kon'-ni is easier to pronounce 
than ko)i7/'-li, and has taken its place. 

It would be an interesting study to trace out the ideas which have in- 
fluenced the formation of compound words. In Bri-bri, a hill is koitg'- 
be-ta, the point of the country ; in Cabecar it is koiTg-tsu', the breast of 
the country, from tsu, a woman's breast. Again in Bri-bri a sharp knife 
is said to be a-ka'-ia, toothed (that it may bite, or cut), the beak of a 
bird is called its tooth ; and the same root (kwo) is used for a finger-nail, 
a fish-scale, a bird's feathers, the bark of a tree, or the rind of a fruit. 

Some few words are used in such varied connections that they warrant 
special notice. Among these are wo, kong, l-tu, kin, &c. Koru/ is a part 
of nearly all words relating to the earth, the sky, the atmosphere, in 
short the general surroundings. It means the country, the day, the 
weather. In composition it forms part of the word for a hill, valley, &c. 
Wo means originally round, either circular or globular. It is also ap- 
plied to almost all masses or lumps ; it further forms a component of 
words having a reference to entirety or completeness ; thus alone, it 
means the human face, in compounds it forms a part of the names of the 
sun and moon, of many parts of the human body, of a drop of water, of 
a knot, of fruits, seeds, &c ; and of verbs, such as to make, to close, to 
open, to extinguish, to tie, &c. ; l-tu' means originally to chop, but is 
applied to shooting, striking with intention of wounding (in contradis- 
tinction to i-jjw/ to whip). It also forms part of the verbs to shut, to ex- 
tinguish, to lie (or throw one's self) down, and, in the latter sense is 
also \ised for to pour (to throio out of a vessel). Kin means a region, or 
district, and is always used in connection with some qualifying word ; 
thus Lari-kin, the country or region of Lari ; de-je'-kin the salt region or 
sea ; tsong'-kin the sand region, or beach ; but nyo-ro'-kin means in or 
on the road, and he-ta'-kin on top (of a hill or mountain). Ki-clia' means 
originally a string ; derivatively a vine to tie with is Ua' ki-cha, or a 
spring vine. Veins and tendons are called by the same word on account 
of their resemblance to strings, while the joints of the limbs are called 
ki-clia'-wo or the lump of strings. Fa and fo, mean peoi:)le ; the former 
combined with the 3d person, singular, personal pronoun ye, makes ye-pa, 
the 3d person, plural. It is also used combined with wak, tribe ; thus, 
Lari-ioak, means the people of Lari ; sa wak-i-pa, our people ; in this 
case used probably as much for cleamiess as anything else, since tsa-wak, 
{'■^ vine -tribe") means ants! Ila-wak-i-pa, your people. Pe, used alone 
means somebody; whose is it? '■'• pe dm •^'' "somebody's," c7ia being the 
sign of possession. 



1875. 1 ^^^ [Gabb. 

There are several words which change their form, or which are even 
substituted by others, according to the sense or connection ; thus u'-te-Mn, 
sometimes pronounced hu'-te-kin, means out or outside of the house or of 
anything else in all ordinary cases ; but for a person to go out of the 
house is not mia u'-te-hin or mia hu'-te-Mn, but mia 7iu pa'-gl. This pa'-gl 
is used in no other connection ; and the sound occurs nowhere else in the 
language except as pagl-cM-Jm (sugar) and pagl, the numeral eight with 
either of which, it is obviously not related. But the. numerals illustrate 
this most markedly. For instance three is m-nyat, and as such it is used 
in counting all tilings ; three houses, hu m-nyat ; but three men are pe 
m-nyal and three days are hong m-nyar. Bit, how many, becomes hil, 
how many persons, &c. Old, fat, to grow, pregnant, &c,, change in a 
similar manner when applied to animate and inanimate, or to human and 
lower objects. 

It is remarkable that in a language otherwise so poor, at times it should 
go to the other extreme. In civilized languages, notably in Spanish, 
there is a great variety of words to express the shades of colors of ani- 
mals, particularly the horse. These words, originally adjectives, are 
often used as nouns. But in Bri-bri we have eight nouns to distinguish 
pigs, six of which are for color ; viz. : 

white, mu-lush'. 

black, do-losh'. 

gray, bisJi'. 

red, mash (a as in far) . 

half-white, half-black. bl-tsus'. 

black, with white face, Mc-jos'. 

with throat appendages, bu-lish'. 

short-legged, na'-na (Spanish enana, a dwarf). 

These words are in every sense nouns only, and are just as correctly the 
names of the respective animals as the generic term "coc/ze." Chickens 
and dogs have similar distinguishing names, but I have never been able 
to learn that horned cattle [vaca, whether bull oi cow,) are so honored. 
Horses are comparatively unknown. The only representative of the 
race in the country being Mr. Lyon's old yellow mare, there has never 
arisen the necessity for the additional tax on their inventive powers. 
Words expressing physical qualities of matter are as abundant as in more 
civilized languages, and their use is as strictly limited. Hard, strong, or 
stiff, is de-re'-re! Soft, like a cushion or fresh bread, is 5-jo'-& jo, while soft 
like cloth it is a-ni'-a-ni or a-ni'-ni-e. Weak or fragile, like a string, or a 
vessel, powerless like a weak person, or tender like meat, are to'-to or io- 
toi'. Elastic, like caoutchouc, is M-tsung' -U-tsung ; when like a switch, 
it is hras'-kras. Plastic, like mud or putty, is i-no'-i-no. Pasty, like 
dough, is i-tu-wo'. When more fluid, like very wet mud, it is a-bas'-a- 
bas. Viscid, like syrup or honey, is ku-nyo'-ku-nyo ; while very fluid, 
waterv, is di-se-re-ri. 



Onbb.l '^'J^ [Aug. CO, 

Pluntaiiis, bananas, maize, and beans must have been in use by the In- 
dians before the arrival of Europeans, since they have specific names for 
all of them , but all domestic animals have only the names that came 
witli them. 

I have found very few words that I can trace clearly to foreign sources. 
The names o( introduced animals, mentioned above, articles of clothing, and 
foreign utensils make up almost the entire list. We have ar'-roz, Spanish 
arros' ; soi/ibre'no, Sp. sombrero; zapato, pure Spanish; pana, English 
pan, all hollow vessels of thin metal, of whatever form ; euchara, 
Spanish ; bi-wo, English bead, wo native word for anything round ; tigera, 
Spanish; pussy, English ; clii-cM, Aztec tecldchi, the edible dog of Mexico 
{fide Belt), a word used all over Spanish America, and adopted by the 
Bri-bri and adjoining tribes in the Spanish form ; cachiniba, vulgar 
Spanish ; cla-ica', probably corrupted from tabaco; ko-no', corrupted from 
canoe ; varM, cabdllo, and coche, Spanish. Alma, a corpse, bears a su.spi- 
cious resemblance to the Sjjanish uhiia, the soul. Do-ko-ro', a chicken, 
seems to be derived from the crow of the cock ; i-e'-na, is probably not 
the Spanish llena, with which it cori'espouds in meaning, but is derived 
from e'-na, finished. Ese, that, and es-es (= Spanish eso es) are probably 
derived from the Spanish. 

The enumeration is decimal, and is siinple in structure. Few pretend 
to count beyond ten, and in counting loose objects if the number is con- 
siderable, they are set apart in groups of ten; thus forty-six would be four 
tens and six. In speaking of numbers the fingers come into play. It is as 
common to see three, four, or more fingers held up, with the remark "so 
many" as to hear the numeral mentioned. Beyond ten, the toes axe called 
into service, and the surplus over the ten toes is counted on the fingers, held 
downwards in this case. The word for five, skang, is clearly [u-ra) ska, 
the fingers. Beyond ten we have " ten more one," &c., but from twenty 
upwards I found so much confusion of ideas and contradiction that I 
strongly suspected my informers of politely trying to invent compounds 
to please me. By careful questioning, and still better, by watching con- 
versatiouj!, I found that twenty is "ten two times," &c., after which the 
form of the " teens" is repeated; so that twenty-one is "ten two times 
more one," (Vbob but juk M et. There is no word for one hundred unless 
we use d'bob d^bob juk, which would be legitimate and intelligible, al- 
though I confess I never heard it used. 

Wa, ka, ke, and ta added as suffixes are equivalent to the English ed. 
Thus i-da-too' , to die; l-da-icomj'-wa, dead; ?i/i'-«, crazy; yalin'-a-ka, he is 
crazed ; pafye, to paint ; pat-yet'-ke, painted; su-iat', flat ; sut-tat'-ke, flat- 
tened ; boi, good ; boir'-ke, healed ; be-ta', a point; be-ta'-ta, pointed, &c. 

Kli used as suffix is equivalent to our ish; thus boi, good; boi-kli, goodish 
{i. e. pretty good or well); tyng, large; tyng'-kli, largish; mat'-ke, red; mat'- 
kli, reddish. Ung and OJig, which in Teiraba and Tiribi are almost the 
universal signs of the active verbs, are represented by the termination 



18T5.I ^*^-*- [Gabb. 

ung in nearly a dozen Bri-bri verbs, where it lias about the same value as 
English affix ate. 

Articles and couj auctions do not exist in the language, the other parts 
of speech being however present. 

Nouns have no inflections for gender, number, person, or case. If it is 
desired to express sex, the word male or female is used; thusmy daughter is 
called j?fi la e-ra'-kur, my woman child ; a bull is vaca we'-nyi or male cow. 
The only exceptions to this rule are the few words referriag to the 
human race, like man, woman, and some of the family relationships. 
Beyond this no distinctions of gender occur. 

Number is always indicated by a numeral or by such words as much, 
many, &c. Two or three words occur that may be considered as apparent 
exceptions. Di-clia' means a bone ; diche' is bones. Di-lai' is thorn 
and di-ke' is thorns, not two or three, but all the thorns on a tree, in a 
collective sense. IT-ra'-ska (u-ra arm) is a fiager, while n-ra-shkwe^ 
(? fingers) is the hand. The coincidence in the termination of these iso- 
lated plurals, if they can be so called, is worthy of note. 

Person is only indicated by the addition of a personal pronov^n. The 
only semblance of inflection for case, is the addition of cha, the sign of 
possession, alike to nouns and pronouns ; or of the prepositions, wa, ta 
(with), &c., as sufBxes, making an ablative. 

The personal pronouns are all monosyllables except ye-pa (they), a 
compound of ye (third per., sing.) and^>a people. Although normally of 
one syllable, they are often used with the termination re (except ye-pa} 
for either emphasis or euphony ; thus it is equally correct to say^e orje'- 
re. Me (yourself) is used only in connection with a verb, like me-sku, 
move yourself; me tu is, lie (yourself) down. The sign of possession, as 
stated above, is added alike to the pronoun, or to the name or title of a 
person ;j;e-c7; a, mine. Ese (that) is probably derived from the Spanish, and 
with i (literally tcJiat) does duty for the neuter. Where the nouns in a 
language are so simple, it is hardly to be expected that the adjectives and 
adverbs should siiffer many changes. Boi, good or well, used either as 
an adjective or adverb, becomes boi-na, better^ and a sort of superlative 
is formed by adding very ; hoielhukli. Tyng, large, is in an increased de- 
gree either tyng diukli, very large, or tyng bru ; bru meaning also large 
but adding emphasis when the two words are combined. To boi and tyng, 
kli is added as a suffix to qualify the sense, like isli in English ; boi-kli, 
goodish, pretty good, and tyng-kli, largish, or somewhat large. 

The short { which begins most of the Bi-i-bri verbs, is not specially the 
sign of the infinitive, but is almost universally used where the verb is not 
preceded by another word, and is sometimes used even then for 
euphony. 

There are four well-defined moods : the infinitive, the indicative, the 
subjunctive, and the imperative. The subjunctive is as simple as in Eng- 
lish, being formed from the indicative by mi-ka-re' (if) placed at the be- 
ginning of the sentence. 
A. p. s. — VOL. xiy. 3q 



Gabb,] 002 [Aug. 20, 

lluuilioldt,* in speaking of the language of Veneziiela, says: "The 
Chaynia and Tamanoc verbs have an enormous complication of tenses," 
and adds that "this multiplicity characterizes the rudest American lan- 
guages." It certainly does not apply to the Costa Rican family, which 
is equally remarkable for the simplicity of its iuHections. The present 
tense does duty for the present participle, and the perfect for the perfect 
participle ; besides which we have the past and but a single future. 
There is no variation for number or person. 

The auxiliaries used are not constant. For the imperative, ju is some- 
times prefixed, and mia is often the sign of the future. It is genei'ally a 
prefix, but in l-haic-na, to fall, it is added to the end of the word. Etso 
(from elao-si, to be,) is the sign of the present tense in pat-yu, to paint. 

The following examples will give a better idea of the conjugations than 
a lengthy explanitiou. They were selected from a large number, aud 
have been verified with as much care as the difiiculties of the case would 
admit. I believe they may be safely trusted, inasmuch as they are words 
that I have heard in constant use for over two years, and not; trusting to 
categorical information, have watched their habitual use in conversation. 
The first example, l-mi'-a, is the most variable verb in the language. The 
forms given in each tense are usable interchangeably. It is equally correct 
to say, "je mit-ka,^^ or, "je mi-at'-ka,^' I go. The past re, aud ra'-re, are 
used everywhere except by a few people on the Coen River, where the 
more r gular form, mi-a'-na, is used. 

Conjugations. 

Togo. 
Inf. i-mi'-a. 

T A -D f nii-at'-ka, ") -, . . , , , 

iud. rres., i > used interchangeably, 

t-mit'-ka, J ^ 

fre, 1 from the verb, ra'-tsTci; 
ra're, J the forms ordinarily used, 
mi-a'-na; used only on the Coen River. 
Perf., mi-cho'. 

rai'-a, affirmative. 



'' ^ (ke) mi'-na, negative (Jce, not.) 
Imperative, ju. When in combination with an object expressed; 
he JU i tu, "thou go shoot." This is the al- 
most universal auxiliary sign of the imper- 
ative mood, 
ju-shka, jw, as above; slika {sliku), to walk, 
mi'-shka, confined to the first person plural. It 
means, "let us go," or, "come," and can 
be used as an auxiliary to almost all the 
other verbs; mi-slika du tu, "let us go 
birds shoot." 
* Trav., vol. i., p. 327, Eng. Ed. 



jg^. , 583 [Gabb. 

To barn. 
Inf. i-nyor'-ka. 

Ind. Pres., i-nyor-ket'-ke. 
Past, i-nyor-no'-ka. 
Perf., 1 nyor-no'-wa. 
Put., i-nyor-wa'-ne-ka. 
To cook. 
Inf. i-lu'. 

Ind. Pres., i-luk'. 
Past, i-li'-na. 
Perf., ilet'-ke. 
Put., i-lu'. 
Imper. i-luk'. 

To speak. 
Inf. i-shtu'. 

Ind. Pres., i-shtuk'. 
Past, i-slite'. 
Perf., i-shtet'-ke. 
Put., I-shte'. 
Imper. i-shtuk' . 

To walk. 
Inf. i-shku'. 

Ind. Pres., i-shkuk'. 
Past, i-slike'. 
Perf., i-sliket'-ke. 
Put., ■ i-shku'. 
Imper. shku'-ta, walk to (come), 

ju'-slika, walk from (go). 
To this verb we must add the following irregular forms : sKkaV-ke, to 
walk ahead; its derivative, it-kat'-ke, has gone ahead, and' 77ii'-shka, for 
which see the note to the first verb, l-mia. 
To shoot, to chop. 
Inf. i-tu'. 

Ind. Pres., i-tuk'. 
Past, i-te'-na. 
Perf., i tet'-ke. 
Put., (mia) i-tu'. 
Imper. (ju) i-tu'. 

To paint. 

Inf. pat'-yu. 

Ind. Pres., (etso) pat-yuk'; (etso, to be). 

Past, pat-ye'. 

Perf., pat-yet '-ke. 

Put., pat-ye'-ke. 

Imper. pat-yuk'. 



U-abb.] o6± [Aug. 'JO, 

To eat. 



Inf. 


T-ku-tu'. 


Ind. Pres., 


i-ku-tut'-ke. 


Past, 


i-kii-te'. 


Perf. 


i-kn-tc'-wa. 


Fut., 


i-ku-te'. 


Imper. 


i-kii-tuk'. 




To start. 


Inf. 


i-be-te' 


Ind- Pres., 


i-be-te'. 


Past, 


i-bc-te'. 


Perf., 


i-be-tet'-ke. 


Fut., 


I-bt'-te'. 


Imper. 


i-be-ti'-nuk. 



Only used in a negative 
sense, "ke be-ti'-nuk,'" do not start (or 
move); i. e., "keep perfectly quiet." 







To roast. 


Inf. 




i-ku-ke'. 


Ind. 


Pres., 


, T- ku-kuk'. 




Past, 


i-ku-tu'-na. 




Perf., 


i-ku-ke t'-ke. 




Fut., 


T-ku-ke'. 


Imper. 


i-ku-kuk'. 






To exchange. 


Inf. 




i-mne'-vre. 


Ind. 


Pres., 


i-mne-v^'et'-ke. 




Past, 


i-mne'-uiig. 




Fut., 


(mi'-a) mne'-we. 


Imper. 


i-mne'-uiig. 






To sleep. 


Inf. 




ki-puk. 


Ind. 


Pres., 


ki-pa-wet'-ke. 




Past, 


ki-pe'. 



Perf. I ^i-PUg-'-wo. 

*' I ki-pet'-ke; third person plural only. 
Fut., ki-put'-ke. 
Imper. (ju) ki-put'-ke. 

To lose (inanimate objects). 
Inf. i-clio'- vra. 

There are no changes in this verb, except that tnia is added to the Ind., 
Fut. There is no Imperative. 



1875.] ^^^ t«-abb. 





To lose (animate objects). 


Inf. 


i-cho-rai'. 


Ind. 


Pres., ]-clio-rai'. 




Past, i-cho-rai'. 




Perf., i-cho-rat'-ke. 




Fut.j i-cho-ret'-ke. 




To listen. 


Inf. 


]-slitsu'. 


Ind. 


Pres., i-shtsuk'. 




Past, i-slitse'. 




Perf., i-shtset'-ke. 




Put., i-shtse'. 


Imper. i-shtsuk'. 




To count. 


Inf. 


i-shtaung'. 


Ind. 


Pres. , i-slitaunk'. 




Past, i-shta'-we. ^ 




Perf., i-sbtaung'. 




Put., (mia) shta'-we. 


Imper. i-slitaunk. 




To fall. 


Inf. 


i-baw'-na. 


Ind. 


Pres., i-baw'-nuk. 




Past, i-baw'-ne. 




Perf., i-baw-net'-ke. 




Put., i-baw'-na (mi), (mia). 




To push. 


Inf. 


pat'-ku. 


Ind. 


Pres., pat'-kuk. 




Past, pat'ke. 




Perf., pat-ket'-ke. 




Put., pat'-ke. 


Impi 


er. pat'-kuk. 




To feed. 




je-ku' bas tbe same terminations as pat'- 




[ku. 




To want. 


Inf. 


i-ki-a'-na. 




f i-ki-a'-na. 
Pres., ji^ki-et'-ke^ tbird person only ; when 


Ind. 




"be wants you." 




Past, i-ki-e'. 




Put., i-ki-e'. 



Giibb.] Dob [Aug. 20, 

Tho place of the accent is strictly determined by the structure and 
etymology of compound words. In words composed of a noun and an 
adjective, tho accent i.s placed on tho adjective; thus cli \ki.-hi' , large 
water, /. c, river ; chi-kn -[tynrj', large substance, i. e., stout ; sa-wi' -\-juk, 
cotton substance or raw cotton. This applies e(iually to the emphasis in 
a similar phrase like pe hoio'-ri, other, or different people. When the 
word is composed of an adjective or adverb, with a verb, the accent goes 
with the verb ; thus, i-shuifg \-pu', to spread ; i-wo + tu', to shut. When 
composed of a noun and a verb, it follows the same rule ; thus, 
bc-ta-\-on'-te, the remainder {i. e., the end stays or remains). When com- 
posed of two nouns,' one in an adjective sense, the accent is on the quali- 
fying noun, like mo' -{-wo, navel ; du'^hu, nest or bird-house ; tsii'-idi-o, 
milk or teat-juice; tsu'-\-wo, a woman's breast; dm-ico' -{-be-ta, nipple. 
This rule is almost universal in Bri-bri, and obtains generally in the 
other languages ; the greatest number of exceptions being in Terraba. 

In the simplest sentence, the nominative begins, followed by the object, 
and the verb comes last. When a noun is qualified by an adjective, the 
adjective follows the noun. In the same way the adverb follows the verb ; 
aLd the verb closes the sentence, unless it is accompanied by an adverb, 
or adverbial phrase. In case there are, in addition to the nominative, 
object, and verb, another noun, governed by a pi-eposition, these latter 
close the sentence. I strike jou ; je be pu, I thou strike. I strike you 
hard ; je be pu derere. The strong man chops the wood well ; weici derere 
kar tu boi. Will you go with me? ; be mia je-ta, thou go I with. Ta, 
wa, and toeru/ (see notes on the nouns) are always added as suffixes to 
the nouns or pronouns which they qualify, and form a sort of ablative 
case. But where weiig is used in the sense of " where is," it begins the 
sentence. ^Y'ilose hat {is this)? ji sombrenof Mine ;je'-cha. How many 
people are there in your house ?pe bil tsosi be hu-weiu/? people how many 
are tliy house-where? Where is he? loeiig ye Hsof where he is? He re- 
mained in the middle of the road ; ye ante nyoro sliong, he remained road 
middle. Give me a chair (or bench), kru-xca' mu'-nya; chair give me. 
Give him, mu'-ye. Reach me my hat ; je sombreno be ura reska, my hat 
thou hand reach. Heat the water ; di ba-ung, water make hot. The 
water is hot; di ba ba-na, water warm heated (is). Put out the tire; 
bowo wo-tit', fire extinguish (or close). The fire went out; boioo i-to'-ioa. 
Shut^hedoor ; hu shku wo-tit', house door shut. Unfasten the door ; 7iu 
shku wo-jet'-sa. Open the door ; ?m Wcu too-hu'-wa. Where is my knife ? 
weiigje tabe? where my knife (et so, to be, understood)? Your knife is there; 
be tube tsosi diya, thy knife is there. Give me my knife ; je tabe munya, my 
knife give. My knife is very sharp ; je tabe akata hoi, my knife toothed 
good. Go shoot a bird, or go shoot birds ; be jit du tu, thou go bird 
shoot. What with? i-ica? With a gun ; mokkur wa, gun with. What 
kind of a gun? mokkttr is? gun what kind? Our country gun (blow- 
gun) ; sa konska mokkur, own country gun. There are no balls (the 
clay balls or pellets) ; mokkur ico ke ku, gun round (things) no more 



1.75.] ^'^'^ [Gabb. 

{are underst )od\ "Why do you not make some? i huenhe he Tie molikur 
wojuwo? why thou not gun round (thiugs) make? There is no clay (or 
material) ; molikur toocMka ke ku, gun round (things) material no 
more. Is your gun a good one? be mokkur hoi? thou (thy) gun good? 
Does it shoot well? Uu boif shoot well (or good)? Good morning ; he 
sJike'na f thou art awake, or arisen (literally, straightened up). Reply; 
je (I) shke'na. Be ratski; thou hast arrived (salutation on a person 
entering a house). Je ratski, I have arrived. How are you? is he Hsof 
how thou (e^-so'-sj) art ? I am well ; j^ Hso hoi. Where did you come 

from? iceiVg he bete'? where thou stait? Who went with ? ji re ta? 

who went with? I did not see; ke je wai suna, not I {wai idiom) 

saw. I do not know ; ke je wai upJichen. This tcai occurs nowhere 
except in these two instances. What did you go for? itch he re? why 
thou went? I went to call my people ; je re je icakipa Ikiu, I went I 
(my) people to call. Are they coming? yepa ratski? they come (or 
arrive? No; I think they have gone away; au; je henbeku ye miclw, 
No; I think they have gone. Let us go too ; mishka Jiekepi, let us go alike. 

Where is ? weri^ — ? He has gone ahead ; ye H-katke, he has walked 

ahead (see note on i-sliku, in conjugation). Put on your clothes; 
he sa-wi' i-u, thou clothing (cotton) put into. 

Section II. — miscellaneous notes. 

Although the tradition exists that the people of Terraba are a com- 
paratively late emigration from the region of the Tiribis, and although 
the tradition is sustained by the general resemblances of language, and 
by the fact that the Brunkas (or Borucas), evidently older occupants of 
the soil, are crowded into a corner like the Celtic tribes of Europe ; 
yet there are marked differences between the idioms spoken in Tiribi 
and in Terraba. The Dialects of Southera Costa Rica can be divided 
into three groups: First, the Bri-bri and the Cabecar; second, the 
Tiribi and Terraba ; and lastly, the Brunka. The three divisions possess 
many roots and eve'n entire words in common, and may well be com- 
pared in their resemblances and differences with the Latia languages. 
The first group is strongly marked by the short I before nearly all verbs 
and by a generally more musical sound ; while the second is harsh, in 
consequence of the frequent repetition of sound of z. The Cabecar i 
before the verb is not so persistent as in Bri-bri, but is more strongly 
pronounced, approaching more nearly the ordinary Latin or Spanish i. 
The terminations ting and ong are as marked as the sign of the verb, in 
the second group, as i is in the first. The s which almost invariably 
accompanies this termination, is rarely a part of the last syllable, but 
is usually sounded at the end of the penultimate, unless when abbrevi- 
ated into zu or zo. 

A gradual process of change is clearly discernible in these languages. 
As yet the Bri-bri and Tiribi have been but little affected. But the Cab- 
ecar of Coeu is absorbing many Bri-bri words because the people of the 
Coen, although they use their local dialect among themselves, all speak Bri- 



Gabb.] '^'^^ [Aug. 20, 

bri also, while the latter, as the conquerors, despise the Cabecars and never 
attempt to learn their language. The Cabecars of Estrella rarely speak 
Bri-brl, but nearly all understand it, as well as Spanish and some speak 
English, and words of botli these latter languages are gradually being 
adopted. The Tiribis are too isolated to acquire many foreign words ; 
but their near relatives the half-civilized people of Terraba as well as the 
neighbors of these latter, the Borucas, are rapidly acquiring Spanish at 
the expense of the corresponding words of their own language. In a party 
of five Borucas, there was not one who could count except in Spanish ; 
and OLe of my Terraba friends could remember no word for girl, ex- 
cept muchacha (Spanish), until I suggested (supported by analogy) the 
word wa-re' (woman), when he remembered that he had heard some 
of the old people use loa-wa-re' ! lu like manner, he persisted in giving 
me the Spanish, '^lacero^^ for star, besides many other words. 

Many roots run through the entire group of languages unchanged, or 
with changes so trifling that they are not worthy of note. Again some- 
times the root varies while the ruling idea is the same. An illustra- 
tion of this last case is the following : In Bri-bri, to forget is hen-i- 
cho ; to remember is ke lieni-clio, from ke not, hen the liver, and i-cho to 
lose. To think is also hen be-ka (probably from, be ket-ke, ready). Liver in 
Tiribi is tco, in Terraba wo, and in Cabecar her ; while to think is, in 
Tiribi wo tnisung, in Terraba woi-du, and in Cabecar her-wik. The acts 
of thougiit, memory, &c., have been attributed to the liver, with about as 
good reason as we yet i)lace the seat of sentiment in the heart. 

In Bri-bri, to lie down is iu is, to throw down ; imperative ine (yourself) 
tu in. In Terraba tush ko (down) is used iu the same manner ; fa tush 
ko, thou sit down, and /a hu tush-ko, lie down (fiu) long. 

Changes of roots are illustrated by the following.. luBi'i-bi-i, ki-puk' is 
to sleep, and a hammock is k'l-pu'. In Cabecar a bed is ka-pu'-gru, in 
Tiribi and Terraba it is bu'-kru ; and in Brunka kap is to sleep. 

In Brunka a gbost is i-wik, and a shadow is ka-ioik', and a devil or evil 
spirit is kag'-bru. In Bri-bri, a ghost, or spirit of a dead person is icig'- 
bru. In Cabecar, a shadow is wig'-ra, while in Tiribi it is ya'-gro, and 
in Bri-bri, si-ri-u'-gur, thus connecting the word iu Bri-bri for ghost, or 
departed spirit, with that for shadow by means of the allied idioms, 
although without the intermediate changes of the root, it would not have 
been demonstrable. 

It is evident that the Cabecar mog-i', straight, and the Bri-bri maw'-ki, 
true, are identical. Although the Bri-bri woi'd si'-gua, foreigner, has been 
replaced in the other languages, by other words, it remains in the 
Terraba, as a compound, in the name of the banana, bin-sigua, evidently 
"foreign plaintain," from bing, a plaintain ; because it may have been 
introduced at a later date than the larger fruit, and when the w'ord sigua 
was yet in current use. 

Again, the idea changes, and with it, words from other roots come in, 
thus : lightning, in Bri-bri is ara loo'-nyn, " the thunder flashes ; " the 



1875.J '^^'J [aabb. 

Tiribi zTigu-ring' and the Terraba sJiu-ring', seem to be specific ; but the 
Cabecar, 7cong^wo-hor'-kn is "the atmosphere burns," while the Brunka 
ji'-kra is simply " fire." 

Like the two or three cases of imperfect plural in Bri-bri, already men- 
tioned, the Terraba has a single plural word ; or rather only an approach, 
a sort of transitional form. ZJigring is a rib, and zligring'-ro, the ribs in 
their collective sense, rather as the bony case of the thorax, than as the 
several bones. 

As stated above, the compound words in the vocabulary of Bri-bri are 
divided by a + sign between the component parts. In the other lan- 
guages, there are doabtless many that have not been properly separated, 
because I have not ventured to make theoretical divisions, and have only 
separated those that were obviously compound. My less perfect acquaint- 
ance with them has not warranted me in this step, nor in the pi'obably 
unnecessary detail of analysis to which I have subjected the language of 
Bri-bri. 

In Terraba the 3d person, singular, pronoun hioe, while not varying 
for gender or number, has three forms which always appear according to 
a peculiar condition, thus : 

he, she, (sitting or lying down) so'-kwe. 
" '* (standing) shon'-kwe. 

" " (going) her-shon-kwe'. 

In Brunka, I, thou, he, (or she) and we, {a-de-M', &c.,) are used with 
the termination cU-bi' whenever they occur alone. "When combined with 
other words in a sentence, the first syllable only {a, ha, i, and ja) is used. 
The termination is almost an integral part of the word and must be used 
when alone. This is the reverse of the termination re in Bri-bri, which 
is rarely used except in a seatence, and then only for euphony or emphasis, 
and at the option of the speaker. 



Chapter III. 

VOOABITLARY OF THE LANQUAGE OF THE BRI-BRI INDIANS. 

[Note. — In this, and in the accompanying vocabularies, the vowels 
have the same sounds as in Spanish, unless marked with a special sign ; 
e, is pronounced as in English met ; I as in pin ; u as in mum. J has the 
sound as in John ; ng as in thing ; iig like the French nasal 7J ; s/i like ch 
in the German ieh ; h is aspirated as in English. A few words having 
unusual vowel sounds are noted separately, not to add unnecessary com- 
plication of conventional signs ; like si-ai', blue and ku-bu', ear. 

Compound words are written with a + sign between the component 
parts. Accent is of great importance, the change in position of the ac- 

A. p. S. — VOL. XIV. 3b 



Oabb.] 



540 



[Aug, 20, 



cent sometimes charfjiiig tlie sense of the 

drink, i'-juk CAvth, soil.] 

to ache i-de-li'-na 

to adhere i-ba'-tsa-wa 

afraid sii-wa'-na 

afterwards e'-wa 



again 


i-sil-ka' 


against 


i-be-tsu'-wa 




J- er'-a-pa 


ago 


en-i-ai', 




L uyo-nyo'-ni 


+^ „^^«« / i-shun'-lu 
to agree < 

l nyi'+wo-yu 


to aim 


i-shun'-sa-u 


air 


koiig'-hshu-wang 




'nyi-|-ke' 


alike ^ 






nyi-1- shtsei' 


alive 


tse'-ka 


all 


r seng 

I o-ri-te-ne' 


alligator 


to-rok' 


alone 


■■ e'-kur 
e'mi 


alongside 


i-yaw'-mik 


already 


je-bak' 


also 


i-sa-ka' 


always 


shu-ar'-i-a 


angle 


bc-ta' 




si-chi'-a 


angry 


o-ru'-na 


ankle 


o-ra-bo' • 


ant, 


tsa'+wak 




fu-ri' 


ant-eater 





te'H-u-ri 



word entirely like t-juk' to 

See pain. 
See (tf/ainst. 

Not i'-wa, interrogative, 

"what with." 
See also. 
See to adhere. 
Immediately past time. 
Hours ago; this morning. 
Very long ago ; days, 

months, years. 
See to arrange. 
I[yi, together. 

{Ko'iig, see country ; shu- 
icang, from si-wang', 
wind. 
Ifi/i, together. 
Exactly alike; tsei, much, 
applied to words, or 
two people speaking 
alike. 
See awake. 



E (et) one. 

Used in the sense of only. 



See again. 

A pQint ; the angle of a 
surface or the corner 
angle of a solid. 

The angle of a prism ; see 
square. 



Wak, people, tribe. 

MyrmecopTiaga juiata. 

Tumandua 4 dactyla; te, 
a forest clearing ; from 
its being often found 
in such i^laces. 



1875.] 

to arise 
arm 



to arrange 



541 

i-ku'-kii 
■ u-ra' 
u-ra+krong' 

u-ra+nya'-we 

'i-shun'-lu 

i-mu boi'-kli-na 



to arrive 


ra'-tski 


arrow 


ka'-but 


ashes 


mu-nti'H-chi-ka 


to ask 


i-cha'-ku 


aunt 


mi'+a-la 


awake 


tse'-ka 


to awake 


i-shke'-na 


a way- 


i-mi'-fbak 


axe 


o 


back 


shung'-j-wo 


small of back 


ju'-|-wo 


backwards 


tsink'-§, 


bad 


/ su-ru'-i 
I su-ru'-na 




bag 


tsku' 


bald 


chu-i' 


banana 


chi-mu' 


bare 


sum'-e 


bark 


kar+kwoMit 


basket 


shku 


bat 


da-kur' 


to bathe 


a-kwok' 


to be 


et-so'-si 


beach 


tsong'+kin 


bead 


bi'+wo 


beak of bird 


du'+ka 



[Gabb. 



Upper arm 

r Fore-arm, nya'-ioe, belly; 

I see calf of leg. 
To arrange, or agree on 

a question. 
There is no one word for 
to arrange things in 
their places ; i-mu, to 
put, hoi'-Mi, pretty 
good ; see introductory 
notes. 

Of the various forms of 
arrows in use, each has 
also a specific name. 

CJii-ka, material. 

From i-chu, to say? 

Mi, mother; la, diminu- 
tive. 

See alive. 

Shke, straight. 

I-mi'-a, to go; bak(je'- 
hali) already ; already 
gone. 

Also sJwulder-Made. 



Used to express disap- 
proval. 
A native net bag. 



See naked. 

Kar, tree; i-kioo'-lit, skin. 



In a place ; also to have. 
Tsong, sand ; kin, region. 
Bi, (?) corrupted from En- 
glish bead ; wo, round. 
Du, bird ; ka, tooth. 



Gabb.] 



542 



[Aug. 20, 



bean 
to bear 

beard 



beast 



beveled 



bird 
to bite 
bitter 



a'-tn+wo 
I su'-na 
\ pa'-na 

ka'-luk 



rdu 

bi 
*- bi'-wak 



sho-iitk' 



du 

i-kwe'-wa. 

bi-chow-bi-choi' 



To bear young (human). 
To bear young (inferior 
animals). 

' 7?/', the devil, or anything 
mysterious; vak, tribe. 
There is no word exact- 
ly equivalent to ours 
for " beast." Each ani- 
mal (as well as plant), 
has it specific name, 
and dv, properly be- 
longing to birds, is usu- 
ally applied if the 
species is unknown ; bi- 
icdk is only used in a 
collective sense. 



to beat .' ^-P" 

•^ i-bu-ra'-|-ung 


xo siriKe, xo wnip. 
To beat, as on a drum. 


bed 


a-koiig' 




bee {^^^ 

t. bur'+wak 


Wak, tribe. 


before 


keng'-)-we 


We, where. 




-diu'-|-sheut 


Behind in the abstract ; 


behind ' 




see in front. 
r At the tail of a line ; 




^be-ta'-f-ka 


^ immediately behind ; 
V be-ta', a point. 


belly 


nya'-(-we 


N^ya, see dung; mp, where. 


below 


is'-fkin 


Is, down; kin, region. 


belt 


ki-pam'-fwo 


Ki-pam, from ki-inir, waist. 


bench 


kru-wa' 






' i-wo-fshki'-fung 


Into a ring; skki, a circle. 


to bend 


i-chung'-j-wa 


To bend at an angle with- 
out breaking. 




^ i-ko-kut'-}-wa 


To bend into a curve. 


bent 


ko-kutk' 




better 


boi'-f-na 


Boi, good. 


between 


shu-fshong' 


See middle. 



' Equally applied to a pris- 
matic solid, or to the 
cutting off the corner of 
a surface ; see sloping. 



1ST5.] 

black 
blade 
blind 
blood 

to blow 



blue 



blunt; 



543 



do-ro-roi' 
i-wa' 

wo-ju-|-be'-ie 
pe 

woi-ku' 
be-tsir'-ke 



) si-ai' 

I do-ro-roi' 

{ke-f-a-ka'+ta 
ke-j-be-ta'-j-ta 



body- 


wak 


bog 


doch'-ka 


boil 


squek 


to boil 


i-tu-f-'wro' 


boue 


di-cha' 


bones 


di-che^ 


border 


iu-ku' 


both 


et-j-et 


bottle 


ko-ku' 


bow- 


shkum-me' 


boy 


ku-be' 


branch of tree 


kar'-fu-la 


brave 


-we'-bra 


bread 


i-nya' 


to break 


/ i-pa-na'-na 
t- bu-tsa'-na 


breast 


be-tsi' 


breast of -woman 


tsu'-f-wo 


breath 


si--waiig 


breech-cloth 


ki-par'-j-wo 


bright 


du-ru'-ru-i 


to bring 


i-tsunk' 


broad 


sho 


broom 


•wush'-fkru 


brother 


yii 


brother-in-la-v?- 


ar'-u.-wa 



[GaUb. 

Also very dark blue. 



With the mouth ; ku the 

tongue. 
Bb-icamj he-tsir' -ke, "the 

■wind blows," 
Last syllable prolonged. 
(Black) very dark blue. 
Ke, not ; a-ka\ tooth; not 

edged. 
Ke, not ; be-ta', point ; 

not pointed. 

Also tribe^ race, people. 
See mud. 
A furuncle. 



For notes on this plural, 
see introduction. 



Et, one. 
See calabash. 



Kar, tree ; u-la (u-ra) 
arm. 

See cake. 

Hard things, 

A string ; tsa, a string. 

Also teats of lower ani- 
mals. 

Wind. 

Ki-par, the waist. 

See to carry. 



Always preceded by a pro- 
per name or a pronoun. 



Giibb.] 



544 



[Aug. 20, 



l)U£r 



f There is no generic word. 
Every ]j r o m i n e ii t 
species has its name, 
usually consist! iiif of an 
adjective, eombined 
with wuk, tribe. 



bundle 


dli 




to burn 


i-uyor'-ka 




to bury 


i-bru' 




bush 


kar-ftsi'-la-la 


Kar, tree ; tsi-la-la, little. 


"bush dog" 


ro'-buk 


Galictis barbata. 


butt 


nyuk 


See rump. 


butterfly 


kwa 




to buy 


tu-eng'-ke 




cacao 


si-ru'' 


Also chocolate. 


cake 


i-nya' 


'Applied to entire cala- 
bashes with a small 




, ko-ku' 


opening, for water bot- 


calabash 


tles. 




i kyong 


Cut in half for cups. 


calf of leg 


klu4-nya'+we 


Kill, leg ; nya'-'wc, belly. 


to call 


i-kiu' 


To summon, to name. 


to call out 


i-ya'-na-tsu 


The accented n like a in 
far. 




rkar 


A walking cane, or stick. 


cane 


\ u-ka'-j-kur 


River cane. 




(. u-pa'-j-kur 


Sugar cane ; see sugar. 


caoutchouc 


si-ni'4-chi-ka 
f e'-no-e'-uo 


Ghi-ka, material. 


care (take) 


•^ me-j-haw'-na-mi 


Me, yourself; see fut- 
ure tense to fall. 


cataract 


jol 


Also a spring. 


to catch 


i-kruug 




centipede 


ko 


very long. 


chaff 


i-ku' 




to chase 


i-tu'-j-tiung 




to cheat 


wo'-ju 




cheek 


oiik 




chicha 


bo-ro' 


A light beer made fi-om 
maize. 


chief 


bo-ru' 




child 


la'-la 


[Tsi') la-la, little. 


chin 


a-ka'-ftu 


A-ka', teeth. 


chocolate 


si-ru' 




to chop 


i-tu' 


Also to shoot. 



1875.] 



545 



[Gabb. 



clean 

to clean 

clearing 
close 
to close 
clotli 
clothing 

cloud 

club 
coal 

cold 

comb 
to comb 

to come 

to complete 
compressed 
to consider 

constricted 
contracted 

to converse 
to cook 



me-ne'-ne 

ji'-ji 

i-shung-f-boi 

i-pa'-f-skwo 

i-tu'-f-skw'O 

te' 
ft3i'-net 
I ku-k :-• '-ni 

i-wo-|-LU' 

di-tsi' 

sa-wi' 

sa-wi' 

mo 

shi 

kir'-u 

bo'-wo-f-ka 



kash 

kash'-j-kru 

i'-na 

i-shku' 
o-ro'-na 

su-tat'-|-ke 
be-ket-se'-ke 

I su-litk' 



la'-ri-ke 
i-lu' 

tsi 

i-kwo' 



Also smooth. 
I-shung, inside; boi, good. 
I-sJcioo, to wash ; the out- 
side of anything. 
The inside of a vessel. 
A cleared space in a forest. 

I Near. 



Made from bark. 

Made from cotton. 

Cotton. 

The generic word for all 
clouds. 

A very dark rain cloud. 

A long stick for fighting. 

Bo'-ico, &re. 

Only applied to the at- 
mosphere, as Jcoiig-{-se', 
a. cold day. 

Used in all other connec- 
tions. 

Kru, to scrape. 
(Imperative) "come. 

here," 
To walk. 

Sti-tat', flat. 



{Applied to a constriction 
between two larger 
parts. 
{Only used in the sense of 
a present participle, 
conversing. 



' Nasua. There are spacific 
na,mes for the two spe- 
cies, formed by ad- 
ding adjectives. There 
seems to be no name 
for P. lotor, which is 
very rare. 
Maize. 



trabb.] 










corpse 








al'-ma 


cotton 








sa-wi'-f juk 


to COllg 

cough 


h(v) 


J 


to 



54G 



con 11 try 



f koiig' 
t-kousi'-l-ska 



pa+be-ku' 



to cover 


" 




.i-shku+pa-f 


coward 


sii-wa+na 


crab 


ju-wi' 


crazy 


i-li'-na 


crooked 


ki-tunk' 


cup 


kyoiig- 


to cut 


/ i-nyu' 
I i-tu' 


cylindi-ical 


a-ra-bo'+wa 


damp 


mong'-mok 


to dance 


klu'+ptu 


dark 


tset-tsei' 






[Auij. 20, 

Can this be Spanish, 

alma, soul? 
Juk, material. 
The resemblance to the 
-j Sp. /os, a cough, isprob- 
^ ablyonlyacoinpidence. 
^ Koiifj is used in innumer- 
able compounds. Not 
only is it used in the 
same manner in all the 
allied dialects, but in 
Bruiika, it occurs as 
kak, the sun. Nearly 
all words relating to 
country, air, day, at- 
mosphere, sky, earth, 
in short, the general 
l^hysical surroundings, 
contain it as an inte- 
gral part, Koi9j-\-ska is 
the country inhabited 
by any people. 
fCousins are called 
! "brother" and "sis- 
I ter," even if several 
[ degrees removed. 
'Pa, skin, covering, sur- 
face ; l-Ki-ku, see to 
pack ; to cover a solid 
object. 
To cover a vessel to shut 

a book. 
See afraid. 



Te li'-na-ka, 
crazed." 



« he 



See calabash. 
Without chopping. 
With chopping. 

Klu, the foot ; ptu, the 
sole. 

Also any dark color, es- 
pecially dark brown. 



54T 



[Gabb. 



darkness 



koug-|-tu-i'-na 



daughter j e -|-la + ra '-kur 

daughter-in-law jak'+e-ra 



day 



'nyi'-(-we 



koiig 



"The day darkens" 
(either from clouds or 
towards night). 

Je, my, la (la-la) son ; 
e-ra'-lcur, woman. For 
note on je, see son. 

See fatlier-in-law. e-ra, 
{e-ra'-kur.) 

Contradistinguished from 
night. 

Used in all other connec- 
tions; as koiig-se, a cold 
day. 



to-day 




in'-ja 




to-morrow 




bu-le' 




day after 


to-mor- 


bui'+ki 


This kt, is apparently 


row 






" more." 


3d day future 


m-nyar'+ki 


M-nyat, three. 


4th " 


i( 


keng'+ki 


Keil, four. 


5th " 


ii 


skang'+ki 


Skang, five. 


6th " 


a 


ter'-i-j-ki 


Terl, six. 


7th " 


a 


ku'-gi-f-ki 


Ku'-gl, seven. 


8th " 


(C 


pai'-f-ki 


Pa'gl^ eight. 


9th " 


(( 


kong-(-su-ni'-to 


8u-ni'-to, nine. 


10th " 


(< 


koiig-fd-bob' 


D-hoh, ten. 


11th " 


(( 


koiig-j- d-bob -f ki + et ' 


See eleven. 


yesterday 




chi-fki' 




day before 


yester- 


bo'-t-kli 


Bo (but), two- 


day 








3d day past 


m-nyon'-fli 




4th " " 




ka'+ri 




5th " " 




skan'+i 




dead 




i-da-wo'+wa 


See to die. 


debt 




mu'+i 


See money. 






-i-shu-j-tyiig' 


I-shung, inside ; tyiig, 
large ; large inside. 






(di)+tyiig' 


Deep water. 


deep 






r Applied to a deep vessel, 






wo+ku-chutk' 


\ when the mouth is cf)n- 
^ tracted. 






- wo-f bli 


The same, with the mouth 
not contracted. 


deer 


{ 


' su-ri' 


Large species. 




su-ri-j-ma-ru' 


Small species ; ma-ru', 








reddish. 



A. P. S. — VOL. XIY. 3S 



Gabb.] 
to depart 

to descend 

devil 

dew 

to die 

ditterent 

dii-ection 

dirt 

disordered 

to dissolve 

district 

to disturb 

to dive 
doctor 

done 

door 
double 

to double 
down 

to drag 
dragon-fly 
to dream 

to drink 
to drive 
drop 
drum 



dry 



m 



mi-l-cho' 
T-u'-j-mi 

bi 

mo'-j-wo-li 

i-da-wo' 

liau-'ri 

wei% 

ka'-mu-ni 

clio-f-ri'-li-e 

di+a'-na 
f kin 
Ikoiig 

tiiig'-we 

tsant'-kuk 

a-wa' 
r o-ro'-ui 

V e'^na 
hu'-|-shku 
bit-f ung'-(-wa 

i-wo+pui%' 
_f is 
I is'+kiu 

i-ku'-|-mi 

ki-bi'-a 

kab'-f-sueng 

i-juk' 

i-be-|-ku' 

wo'-li 

se-b,ik' 

si 

si'-na 

po-poi' 



. mong'-mok 



[Aug. 20, 

Also perfect, indie, of 
verb, i-viid to go. 

t-ti, to put in ; i-mi'-a, to 
go. 

Al.so ghost, or evil spirit. 

Mo, cloud ; wo'-li, drop. 



See where. 



Di, water. 

See region. 
See country. 



Applied to a completed 

business. 
"There is no more." 
Hu, house. 
Bit {hut) two; ting, to 

make. 

In compounds. 

Kin, region (used alone) . 

Mi (mi'-a) to go. 

Ka-puk' ^ to sleep; sueng, 
to see. 

I-ku, see to drag. 



Like wood, fit for burning. 

By evaporation, like 
clothes after washing. 

TViped dry. 

f In a less degree than the 
other words ; but more 
or less ap2)licable in all 
cases (partially dry i.e. 
damp). The above are 
the common usages but 
are not absolute, the 
various words being 
sometimes used inter- 
changeably. 



1875.] 

dung 
dust 



549 



egg 

elastic 
elbow 
empty 

to empty 

end 
ended 

enough 

enemy 

to envelop 

equal 

equally 

equivalent 

erect 



nya 



kong'+mo-li 



eagle 


sar'+puiig, 


ear 


ku-ku' 


early 


bu-la'-mi 


earth 


i'-juk 


earthquake 


i 


to eat 


i-ku-tu' 


echo 


i-o-ro'-te-nu 


eddy 
edge 


ir-a-me' 
iu-ku' 



du'+ra 



f ki-tsung'-ki-tsung 
\ kras'-kras 
f u-ra+ku-ching'-j-wo 
\ u-ra+knyi'+nyuk 
f wLi'-ji-ka 
I wa-ke'-ta 

i-W'U'-ji-ka 

i-wa-ke'-ta 

i-tu+tsung 

be-ta' 

e'-na 

o-ro'-ni 

wed 

bo'-ruk 

i-be-ku'-wa 

nyi'-ke-pi 

ske 

shke'-ka 



Gabb. 

See cake, 
f Koiig, see note to country; 
mo, cloud ; U is used in 
two or three connec- 
tions with objects in, 
or derived from the at- 
mospbere, like dew, 
rain, &c. 

8ar, red monkey ; pwiig, 
hawk. 

U, like the German il. 

Bu-W, to-morrow? 

(Soil). Not i-jiili', to 
drink, 

English e. 

This word is never used 
in the sense of eating a 
meal ; then je-ku', to 
feed, is always used. 



'Z)«, bird. In place of 
"bird," the specific 
name of the animal is 
generally given ; thus : to- 
rok'-\-ra, alligator egg. 

Like rubber. 

Like a switch. 

" Kuee of the arm." 

" Heel of the arm." 

See naked. 



To pour out. 

Point. 

"It is all gone." 

Applied to affairs. 



JSTyi, together ; Jie'-ke pi 
alike. 

Perpendicular; see 
straight. 



Cabb.] 



rjoO 



[Aug. 20, 





-nyi-fShke 


Ifyi, together; ^hke, level; 


even 


tski-tski'-a 


in a straight line. 
Even in a pile. 
' Both of these words mean 


evening 
to exchange 


d-ra-d-dai' -> 
nyi'-|-es i 

tson'-ni 
mue'-we 


equal on the edges in a 
pile, like bricks in a 
wall, or the cut leaves 
of a book. 
Also late. 


to expect 


ka'-ble 




to extiuguisk 
eye 


i-wo-f-tu' 
wo'-bra 


Also to shut. 


every 
face 


o-ri-ten-e' 
1- seiig 
wo 


See all. 
See round. 


to faint 
to fall 


si-waiig-j-e'-na 
T-haw'-na 


Si-war^, wind ; e'-na, to 
finish. 


family 
far 


di-jam' 
ka-mi'-mi 




fast 

( 


bet'-ku 
d(3 re'-re 
' ki-u' 


Rapid. 

Secure, hard. 

Fat, urease or oil of anv 



fat 



father 



father-in-law 
to fear 
fear 



feast 



yol'-ta 



(^ chi'-ka-j-tyiig 



feather 



Ji 



jak 

su-wa'-na 

sa-wa'-na 



sa-|-bu-ra'-(-ung 



du'-(-kwo 



kind. 

A fat animal. 

Fat person ; see stout. 
' Always used with a per- 
sonal pronoun or the 
name of the person ; 
jeji, my father ; or with 
an exclamation, a?i jt, 
oh father. 



' Sa, we. To feast, to dance 
and to beat drums are 
ideas so iutimatelj- 
united in the minds of 

j these ijeople, that the 
same word is generally 
used indiscriminately 
for all three. 

Bu, bird ; ?:ico, see scale, 
skin, nail, &c. 



1875. J 



551 



[GabT?. 



to feed 


je-ku' 


female 


la'-ki 


fever 


tak 


few 


f et'+ket 
1 wa-wa'-ni 




fierce 


bu-kwe'-wa 


to fight 


nyi'+pu 


to fill 


i-u' 


to find 


i-kwon'-ju 


fine 


wis-wis'-i 


finger 


u-ra'-fska 


to finish 


\ f e'-na 
/ 1 o-ro'-ni 


finished 


fire 


bo'-wo 


fire-fly 


r ku'wo 
I ka-tu 


fire-wood 


bo'-wo-ftak 



fish 



ni-ma' 



See to eat and food. 
La = ra in e-ra'-kur, wo- 
man. 
Spleen. 

Ut, one. jjj 

Also less. 

Nyi, together ; i-pu, to 

strike. 
Also to ptU in. 

Like either a thread, or 
powder. 
U-ra, arm. 
See ended. 



Specific. The small flies. 

The large phosphorescent 
elater. 

Bo' wo, fire ; talc, a piece. 

This is at the same time 
generic, and is the spe- 
cific name of the best 
food fish in the country ; 
the othfc r 1 5 or 16 species 
bearing other names. 



fish-scale 


ni-ma'-(-kwo 


Kwo, see skin, nail, &c. 


flash 


wo'-nyn 




flat 


r su-tat' 
I shke 


Like a board, table, &3. 


Like a floor, a tract of 






country. 


flea 


ki 


^ Du, animal ; cM-ka', ma- 
tex-ial; often both words 




r du'-|-ra -\ 


are combined, and more 


flesh 


\ chi-ka' I • 


often the name of the 




i du-f ra'+chi-ka J 


animal is used with cM- 
ka, thus vaca chi-ka, 
beef. 


floor 


hu-j-shiung 


Hu, house. 


flower 


ma'-ma 


See plaything. 


fluid 


f di-f-se-re'-re 
I a-bas'-a-bas 


Watery. 


Like thin mud. 


fly 


si-chu' 




to fly 


i-un'-j-e-mi 


I-mi'-a, to go. 


fog 


mo 


See cloud. 



Gabb.] 



552 



[Aug. 20, 



to fold 


i-wo-j-pui'ig' 


folded 


,chu-no'-wa 


to follow 


j-ju'+ki 


food 


jc-kuk' 


foot 


kill 


force 


ke'-sin-kwa 


to forget 


hen-|-i-cho' 


forehead 


wo'-ftsoilg 


foreigner 


si'-gua 


forest 


( koilg'+juk 




i koiig-+yi'-ka 


fragile 


to'-to 


free 


ha'-si 


fresh 


paiig-ri 


friend 


ja'-mi 


to frighten 


su-wa'-fung 


frog 


ko-ru' 


tree-frog 


wem 


front 


ai-u'-shent 


froth 


i-shu-ji' 


fruit 


kar-^wo 



See to double. 



full 

gall 

genitals 

to get 

ghost 

gift 
girdle 

ffirl 



to give 



chik-li 



shke 
( ke 
\ ma-lek' 

i-kruiig 
fbi 
I wig'-bru 

ti-e' 

ki-pani'-j-wo 

ta'-ji-ra 

a-la-bu'-si 






See introductory notes. 



Korir/, see country ; juk, 
material. 

See tender, xceak. 



See family. 

Su-wa-na, afraid; ung, af- 
fix, to make. 



In front, see behind. 

Kar, tree ; wo, round, a 
lump. 

fThis is probably not 
J the Spanish llena, but 
j e'-na, ended ; i, e., "no 
t more can be put in." 

Female. 

Male, human ; see penis. 

See devil. 



See belt. 

Before puberty. 

After puberty. 

''Give me," i-mu'-nya ; 
"give him," i-mu'-ye, 
or i-mu-ye-ta. This is 
the same word as 
l-muk, to put. To give 
anything to a person is 
consequently to put it 
with him, i-mu, to put, 
ye, he, ta, with. 



1875.] 
glad 

to go 

God 

good 

to grab 
grandfatlier 
grandmother 
to grasp 



553 



grasshopper 

gravel 

grease 

green 

grief 

to grind 

to grow 

guatuso 
gun 

hair 

half 

hammock 
hand 



handle 



to hang 



ish-tsin'-e 

' i-mi'-a 
.1 ju 

si-bu' 
boi 

i-krung 
re-wu'+je-ke 
nu-wi'+je-ke 
i krung 



kong'-|-chi-ka 



di'-tsik 
tsong'-j-wo 
ki-u' 

tse-bat'-tse-ba 
hed-i-a'na 
i-woh' 

de-tyiig'+eh 
i-tar-f-an'-o 
i-tar-)-ar'-ke 
shu-ri' 
mok'-kur 
rkoush'-ko* 
Iko+juk 

shong'+buts 

ki-pu' 
u-ra'-f sbkwe 



kut-fa' 



f ki-chat'-f ku 
I 



\ 



1 i-mo-fwo'+ka 



[Gabb. 



("For notes on this word 
■^ I gee introduction, and 
J j especially the conju- 

I gation. 

Also clean, pretty. Em- 
phatic boi'-hi. 

Je-Jce; see old. 



( CM-ka, material, is here 

I used contrary to the 
sense explained, (see 
"j matei'ial) because koiig 

i-\-juk, having the same 
etymological meaning, 
I is applied to forest. 

Tsorig, sand. 
See fat. 
See wet. 
See sad, sorry, 

A plant. 

A person or animal. 

Dasyprocta cristata. 

Of the head. 
Of the body ; juJc, mate- 
rial. See leaf. 
Shong, see middle, be- 

ttoeen; but, two. 
See to sleep. 

Q,ee finger; also introduc- 
tory notes. 
(Sister; tabe kuta, knife 
-I handle ; the sister of 
I the blade ! 
By tying, like a ham- 
mock; M-cIia', a string. 
rBy simply hooking up, 
\ without tying ; although 
t i-wo'-mo is a knot. 



Gabb.] 



554: 



[Aug. 20, 



hard 



dc-re'-re 



rThis word has as many 
significations as its 
equivalent in English. 
It applies to substance, 
strength, rapidity, and 
difficulty. 



to have 


et-so' 


See to be. 


hawk 


puilg 




he 


ye 


Also sJie. 


head 


wo'-ki 




to heal 


boir'-|-ke 


Boi, good. 


heap 


i-ra-pa' 




to hear 


ish-tsu' 




heart 


me'-f wo 




heat 


ba 




to heat 


i-ba'-|-ung 


TJnrj, aifix, to make. 


heavy 


nyets 


Usually used with very: 
oru-\-nyets. 


heel 


klu-(-knyi'-|-nyuk 


Khi, foot ; nyuk, butt. 


here 


f i'-nya 
I i-e'+ku 


In this place. 

In this direction ; see 

there. 


to help 


chu-ki'-a-mu 




high 


koug-j-shke' 


Shke, perpendicular. 
, Be-ta, a point ; the point 




' koiig'+be-ta 


J of the country ; also a 


hill 




(. mountain. 

/ Applied to all hills or 




t u'jum 


\ peaks not covered with 
( forest. 


hilt 


kut+a' 


See handle. 


hip bone 


te'-)-wo 




hip joint 


di-che'-f-wo 


Di-clie, bones. 


to hold 


i kruiig 




hole 
hollow 


i i-wo'+an 


Any hole, whether a per- 
foration or a cavity. 


honey 


bur'+di-o 


Bior, bee ; di-o', juice. 


hook 


bi-ko-m' 




horizontal 


ki-pak' 


See to sleep, and intoduc- 



toiy notes. 



1875.] 



555 



[Gabb. 



hot 



f ba 
ba'-ba 



ba-j-shki-ri'-ri 



. pa-|-li'-na 



But one syllable is u?ed 
when in combination 
)^ with another word, as 
ko'ihg ba, hot day ; when 
used alone the syllable 
is repeated. 
81ild-ri-ri, (tski-ri'-ri) yel- 
low ; this is used in ex- 
aggeration, "yellow 
hot," as we say "red 
hot," and is often ap- 
plied to the weather, 
L food, &c. 
(Ba-\-i-li'-na) " boiling 
hot, ' ' similarly used 
when one is perspiring 
freely. 



house 


bu 






how 


im'-a 






to hum 


i-bor+a-ru' 




Bor, (Mtr) bee? 


humming-bird 


be-tsung' 






hungry 


de-wo-be-li' 


-na 






f i-je-bu.'-rik 
ti-ja-flu' 




To hunt game. 


to hunt 




Ju, auxiliary'; to hunt 








anything lost. 


husband 


je-j-wim' 




Je, my. See note to son. 


hush 


su-wang-(-bru'-wo 


Su-toang, wind. 




'je 






I 


■ 




■ Re is a sort of emphasis, 
added occasionally to all 




j'e'-re 




the personal pronouns 
except ye-iKt. 



if 


mi-ka-re' 




'bru 


to ignore 


■ 




eh'ke 


iguana 


bwah 


immediately 


f er'-j-a-pa 
I sir'-(-a-pa 


in 


i-shung' 


inclined 


o-utk' 



Bru ji, "I do not know 
who." 
f Used only alone, as a i-e- 
) P^Y) while bru takes its 
1 place in a sentence, as 
I above. 

In the past. 
In the future. 

See sloping, beveled. 



A. r. S. — VOL. XIV. dT 



Gabb.] 



556 



[Aug. 20 



inside 



instead 

instep 

to interpret 

intestines 



juice 



W'T'sh'-l-kin 
hu'-fsliui'ig 
i-slim'i^ 



ske' 

klu-|-tsing' 
ju-ste'-j-cliu 
nya'-|-ke-bi 

ta-be' 



it 


e-hi' 


jar 


ung 


jaw 


ka'-j-ju-a 


to jerk 


i-kuut'-sa 


jigger 


ki'-fla 


to join 


iiyi'-|-wo-ju 


joint 


ki-clia'4-wo 



di-o' 



' These two words are ap- 
plied to tlie inside of a 
house ; while i-shuilg 
is restricted to tlie in- 
side of a vessel, tlie in- 
terior of the body, of a 
hollow tree, a box or 
any other comparative- 
ly small space. 



I-cJm, to say. 

Nyu, dung ; see belly ; Ice- 

hi, snake. 
Also knife; anything 

made of iron ;. see pot. 



A Tea, tooth. 

Nigua ; Pidex penetrans ; 

ki, flea ; la diminutive. 
If^yi, together; see to 

9/iaTce, to seio. 
Ki-cJia, a tendon, a string; 

wo, a lump. 
Any fluid expressed, like 

whey from curd ; milk 

from the breast, honey, 
[ &c. 



to keep 


i-bru' 




kidney 


hak 




to kill 


i'-da-wo'-wa 


See to die. 


kind 


/ boi'-j-sen 
•^ wak 


Boi, good ; in disposition. 




Class : see tribe. 


knee 


ku-chi'-|-wo 




knife 


f ta-be' 


See iron. 




I ta-be'-|-la 


La, diminutive ; a small 
knife. 


to knock 


J i-pa'-}-pu 

^ i-bu-ra'-|-uug 


I-pu, to strike. 




See to beat, feast, to dance. 


knot 


i-wo'-f-mo 


Wo, round; mo (jl-mao') 
to tie. 


to know 


npli-chen' 




lame 


mu'-ya 




language 


ii-shtu' 





1875 j 



557 



[dabb. 



larsre 



leaf 



fki-bi' 



tyiig 





bru'-bru 




. tyiig'-|-bru 


last 


be-te-f-ka 


late 


tson'-ni 


to laugh 


ma-nyu' . 


lazy 


je-ke'-i-a 


to lead. 


u-ra'-f-yu-fmi 



kar'-f-ko-JLik 





. kar'-ku 


to leave 


i-hu'-funt 


left band 


u-ra-|-bu-knick' 


leg . 


klu'+ke-cha 


to lend 


de-pe'-te-ju 


less 


wa-wa'-ni 


to let 


on '-si 


to lick 


i-ku'-fjuk 


to lie 


kon'-shu 


to lie down 


i-tu-f-is' 



Simply large. Wben ap- 
plied to a stream (di-\- 
ki-M', ) it means river , 
"large water." 

The commonest form ; 
when applied to water 
it means deep. 

Oftenest applied to ani- 
mals and to domestic 
utensils. 

Very large ; more em- 
phatic than the pre- 
ceding forms. 

Be-ia, point. 

See evening. 



U-ra, arm ; mi {i-mi'-a) 
to go. 
'Of a plantain, or other 
large leaf used for 
wrapper, or for a re- 
ceptacle for food, &c. 
The Mosquito word 
sic, from the same root, 
means a banana. 
'Of a tree, in a collective 
sense ; kar tree ; ko'- 
jiok see liair. The idea 
is the same and the 
distinction is made by 
kar, the name of a per- 
son, a pronoun, &c. 
JiTti, tongue; a single leaf. 
Hu, house. 
Tl-ra, hand, (arm). 



Really few ; there is no 

other word. 
Imperative ; on'-sitso-si, 

tso-si {et-so-si) to be ; 

"let it alone." 
See to suck. 

I-tu, to throw ; is, down. 



Qiibb ] 

to lift 
light 



5bS 



little 



to loose 



to lose 



lost 

louse 
lump 

macaw 

maggot 
maize 
to make^ 

male 
maa 



I-ku'-kn 
f su-ru'-ru-i 





tlio bo'-bra 


lightning 


;i-ra+wo'-nyn 


lips 


ku'-kwo 


to listen 


ish-tsu' 




f tsi'-la-la 




1 la'-la 



la 





' wa-wa-ni 


a little 


wi-ri-wi'-ri 
wi-di-wi'-di 




bi-ri-bi'-ri 


liver 


bun 


long 


bi-tsing' 


to look 


i-sauug' 


to look for 


lu 



ip-tsu' 



i-cho' 



r cho'-f wa 
I clio-|-rai' 

kuiig 

wo 
/pa 
I ku-koiig' 

bu'-|-nya 

i-kwo' 

i-ju-|-wo' 

we'-nyi 
we'-wi 



1 



[Aujj. 20, 

(While), light colored. 
r Kotfg-^-lu, daylight; bo?' 
' -\-lu {boioo-\-lu) fire 
H-lit. 
Liglit in weiglit. 
A-ra, thunder; wo-nyn, 

flash. 
Ku', tongue ; kwo {i-Jcico- 
lit) skin. 



Applied to a child. 
Diminutive ; used with 

various nouns; di-\-\a, 

rivulet. 



Local pi'onunciations. 



Always used with the 
auxiliary ju ; ju-\-lu. 

See to untie. 

This is rather a verbal 
root than an indepen- 
dent word ; see to re- 
member and forget. In 
other cases it carries th e 
terminations wa, and 
rai; see notes on the 
conjugations. 



See round. 
Green species. 
Red species. 



Jit; auxiliary ; wo, com- 
plete. 



1S75.] 



559 



((}al)b. 



m any- 
how many, 

so many 
marsh 



material 



tsei 

j bit 

Hil 
ish'-ke 
docli'-ka 



juk 



chi-ka' 



See niiic'i. 

Impersonal. 

Personal. 

See mud, hog, 

''Any fibrous, or not 
compact material; as 
cotton, sa-ioi' -\-juk ; 

[ leaves of a tree, or 
hair of the head ko-{- 

^ juh. 

Any homogeneous svib- 
stance; as si-ru'-[-cM- 
ka, cake chocolate • 
su-ni' -\-chi-ka, deer 
meat; si-ni'-\- chi-ka, 
caoutchouc. Only one 
exception to this rule 
exists, see note to 
grass. 



meadow 


sok 




measure 


ya-ma-un'-ya 




meat 


■^ , . , , ]■ See note to flesh. 
i chi-ka' ) 


medicine 


ku-pu'-li 


■Applied derivatively to 
money. I have heard 


metal 


nu'-kur 


quicksilver called mc- 
ku7''-\-dio,'' metal 
juice. 


midday 


di'+be-ta 


Di-wo, sun ; be-ta, point, 

summit. 
Shu is used in nearly all 

words where the widtli 

is a component idea ; 

see toide, narroio, be- 


middle 


shu+shong' 


tween, inside; shong, 
see Jialf, between. In 
a combination, shoiig 
only is used ; thus n^o- 
ro'-\-s7iong, the middle 
of the road. 


midnight 


kong-|-shong ' -f buts 


Kori^, see day ; sliong'-\- 
buts, half. 


milk 


tsu'-|-di-o 


Tszi, breast ; di-o, juice. 



G.ibb.] 


."500 


[ .lug. 20, 


iniiio 


je'+cha 


Je, I; clia^ sign of posses- 
sion. 


mistake 


heu+cho'-J-wa 


See to forget, remember, 
tJiink. 


mole 


skwe, 


Also rat, mouse, &c. 


money 


nu'-kur 


See metal. 




' sar 


Ateles. 


moukey 


wib 


Mycetes palUdtus. 




- hyuk 


Gebus hypoleucus. 


mouth 


si 


Si-too, moon. In counting, 
si-\-et one montli, A:c. 


moon 


si '-[-wo 




more 


ki 
ku 






bu-la'-mi 


See early ; Z>i/.-^e', to-mor- 


morning 




row. 
f "This morning," already 
\ past ; see to-day, Tiert, 
^ now. 




en-i-ai' 






mosquito 


shku-ri' 




motlier 


je+mi' 


Je, my ; see note to son. 


mother-in-law 


wa'-na 




mountain 


koiTg'-l-be-ta 


See Mil. 


mouse 


skwe 


Also mole, rat. 


mouth 


f ku 
I nyuk 


Of an animal. 

Of a river ; see rump. 


to move 


i-sku' 






^tsot-tsei' 


Restricted to quantity or 



much 



chukli 
o-ru'-i 



number. 
Although these refer 
rather to quality than 
quantity, they can be 
used in either sense. 
When combined, as is 
sometimes the case for 
emphasis, they become 
o-ru-i cliihli'-li. Al- 
though both have the 
meaning of much, or 
very, each is used, ac- 
cording to custom, with 
particular words, al- 
though with no diflfei'- 
ence of sense : o-ru 



1875 ] 



561 



how much 


be-kongs' 


mud 


doch'-ka 


mute 


me, 


nail 


u-rats'-kwo 



naked 



to name 
name 



narrow 

navel 

near 

neck 

necklace 



sum'-e 
wu'-ji-ka 



i-kye' 
kye 



shu+tsi'-la-la 

bu-sutk' 

mo'-|-wo 
- tsi'-net 

ku-ku'-ni 
. ket'-ke 



ki-li'-j-ke-cha 



ua-mu'-|-ka 
pu-li'-f-ki-cha 



bi'-wo-j-ki-cha 



[aabb. 

nyets, very heavy; tyiig 
cliuJdi, very large ; pe 
ratski orui, many peo- 
ple ai'e coming; pe tsosi 
tsot-tsei, there are many 
people there. 



CM-Ica, material. 



kwo, 



U-ra-\-slia, finger 
scale, skin, &c. 
Both words are used for 
bare or naked ; but the 
latter ("empty" g'. v.) 
is usually applied to 
naked children who, 
according to local 
custom are yet too small 
to wear clothing. 
Probably both derived, 
with i-ki-a'-na, to want, 
from the same root as 
l-Mu, to call. These 
three verbs run into 
each other in conjuga- 
tion. 
{Shu,, see middle; tsi-la-la, 
small. Anything hol- 
low ; also a stream. 
Anything solid. 
Knot. 

In place or time. 

In time only. 

This Jce-c7ia, does not 
seem to be connected 
MviVuki-cha', a string or 
tendon. It occurs again 
in leg. 

Tiger's teeth. 

Made from shell beads ; 

see sliell and string. 
'Made from beads q. v. 
There are other less 
common names, aU 
taken from the material 



a:ll)l..l 



5G2 



[ A ug. 20. 



needle 


( kush 
t di-ka' 


Thorn. 


negro 
uest 


tset-tse'+wak 
du'+hu 


Tset-txe, dark ; wak, race. 
Du, bird; hu, liouse. 


now 

uiglit 

nipple 


pa'-ni 

ne-nye'-wi 

tsu-}-wo'-|-bC'-ta 


Tsu-xoo, breast ; he-la', 


no 


l^au 
\ke 


point. 
Negation. 
Not. 


nobody 


ke'+ji 


Ke, not ; ji, who. 


noise 


ba-lar' 




noon 

nose 


di'+bc-ta 
ji'-kut 


See midday. 



fke 



not 




' J. as in father. Used only 


kam 


as follows — ^^ kam je 




bo wo' betide' " (not I fire 






prepared). "I have not 






kindled the fire." 


rke'+ku 


Ke, not ; ku, more. 


nothing -^ 




Nothiug whatever. Only 


shun'-tai 


used for "absolutely 






nothiug." 


now 


i'-ya 


See litre, and to-day. 
' Ku-li, see neck. The en- 
larged nuchal ligament 


nuchal lump 


ku-li'-)-duk-wo 


caused by carrying 
heavy loads suspended 
. from the forehead. 


numerals 






1 


et 






but 


Impersonal. 


2 


bul 


Personal. 




but 


Counting days, future. 




.bo 


Covinting days, past. 




' m-nyat' 


Impersonal. 


3 


m-nyaV 


Personal. 


m-uyar' 


Counting days, future. 




m-nyon' 


Counting days, past. 




r keil 




^ 


keug 


Counting days, future. 




Ika 


Counting days, past. 




f skang 




5 


I skan 


Counting days, past. 



1875] 

6 

7 



9 

10 
11 

13 
13 
30 
31 
oil 

old 



once 

oce, at a time 



only- 



open 



to open 



563 

rterl 
1 ter'-i 
( ku'gl 
I ku'gu 
r pa'-gl 

Ipa 

su-ni'-to 

d-bob' 

d-bob+ki+et' 

d-bob+ki+but' 

d-bob-j-ki-j-m-nyat' 

d-bob-fbut'-juk 

d-bob+but'-juk+ki-l- et 

ki-u' ■ 



ke'ji-ke 
be-ta'-f-kin 

et'-j-e-ktir 
et+ket'-ke 

/ e'-mi 

tket 

ha'-si 



'i-shku-f-ku'-ka 

i-wo'-l-wa 

I i-shung+pu' 
i-pu 



^ i-wo+pu' 



[Gat)b. 

Counting days. 

Counting days, future. 

Counting days, future. 
Counting days, past. 

Ki, more ; et, one. 

ButjuJc, twice. 



Old and worn out, or de- 
cayed. 

Old person. 

Be-ta' summit ; Mn, 
region. 

Et, one ; e'-ktir, alone. 

See o?ily. 

See alone. 

Et-\-ket, only one; l>tLt-\- 
lie% only two, 



To uncover a vessel, to 
open a book ; see to 
cover. 

To open a door ; see to 
shut. 

To spread, to unfold. 

Also to sti-ike, to pu4i. 

IThey so.netimes say Im 
shlmpu, literally, "push 
the door (open)," but 
i-wo-wa is better. 



to oppose 
other 



iu-mu'-ka 

{sa-ka' 
hau'-ri 
et'-(-e-kur 



otter ha-wa' 

A. P. s, — VOL. XIV. 3u 



Also, -\ There is no 
Different, r nearer way 
07ice, J of approach- 
ing the idea. 

Lutra Braziliensis ? 



5(j4: 



[Aug. 20, 



oat 
outside 


Ju'+te+kiu 


over 


be-ta'-f-kin 


oyster 


sbuk'-te 


to pack 


i-be-ku' 


package 


dli 


pain 


de-li'-ua 


to paint 


pat'yu 


palm of hand 


n-ra'+pta 


pantaloons 


klu'+yo 


part 


ek'-sin-e 


to part 


i-braZ+tu 


to pass 


i-ru'-j-mi 


pasty 


i-tu-wo' 


to pay 


pa-tu-en'-ke 


pebble 


ak'-j-wo 


peccary 


( ka'-sir 
*- si-ni 




rma-lek' 
1 kc-be'-j-wo 


penis 




rpe 




wak 


people 


- 



perhaps 
perpendicular 

person 



petticoat 



I wak-j-i-pa 

bru 

sbke'-ka 

ji 

ke'-ki. 



ba'-na 



(Kin, see region, u ispro- 
ably from hu, bouse. 

j The expression (lite- 
rally outside of the 
house) is applied to the 

- outside of anything. 
See on. 

See to drive, to envelop, to 
cover. 

See to acJix. 

Ptu, palm or sole ; see 
foot. 

see shirt. 

I-tn, to cut. 
Mi Q-mi'-a) to go. 
Like dough or stitt" mud ; 
see viscid and fluid. 

Ah, stone ; wo, round, 

lump. 
Dicotyles torquatus. 
D. lahiatus. 
Human ; see tail 
f Ke-he', snake ; applied to 
l all the lower animals. 
As individuals, 
As applied to tribe or race. 
Collective, thus sa wak-i_ 
pa, our people ; never 
sa-wak, to distinguish 
from ant (tsa-\-icak). 
See to ignore. 
See straight. 
See who ; ke-ji nobody. 
'Person of consideration, 
used like sir,in English; 
probably from ke'-ji-ke 
old. 

f The native dress of the 
I women ; a cloth tied 
] round the loins and 
I reaching to the knees. 



1875.] 



565 



[Gabb. 



f 


i-shtuk 


To gather. 


to pick up ^ 


i-ku'kn 


To lift. 


piece 


tak 




pile 


i-ra-pa' 


A heap. 


to pile up 


i-ra-pa'-fung 




piled up 


i-ra-pa'-i-i33, 




to piuck 


i-ku-ni-tsu'-wa 




pine apple 


a-mu'-j-wo 


fA borrowed word found 


pipe 


ca-chim'-ba 


all over Spanish Amer- 
. ica. 


- 


'ske, 


In place of; see equiva- 
lent. 


place 


i-to' 


Place for a thing. 
j- See country ; ima Jcoiig 




koiig 


\ kye? "what is this 
y. place called?" 


plain 


koiig-f-shke' 


Slike, flat. 


to plait 


du-ki', 






f i-taung'-bo 
. i-kyu 


Seeds. 


to plant, 


Roots. 


plantain 


ku-rub' 




plastic 


i-no'-i-no 




to play 


i-nuk' 






ma'-ma 
^ uu'-kur 


See flower. 


plaything 


See metal, money, and to 


' 




to play. 




f o-ru'-i 


Much, many. 


plenty 


I shkon'-ten-e 




point 


be-ta' 


Also summit, top, end. 


pointed 


be-ta'-ta 




polished 


u-ris-u-ris'-i 




possession 


cha 


See note to mine. 


pot 


ta-be'+ung 


Ta-be', iron ; see iron and 
jar. 


to pound 


i-wo-j-tu 






ri-tu'+tsung 


■ To pour out. 


to pour 


J i-tu' 
ii-u' 


I To pour in. 


precipice 


ak'+tu 


Ak, stone, rock. 


pregnant 


fnya'+ye 

1 1^^/ -K^ Vira 


Human ; see belly. 

Tavopv nnim«ls. 



Gabb. 



rjCA) 



Aug-. 20, 



to prepare 


l-be-ket'-ke 


pretty 


boi 


price 


towii'-fske 


priest 


tsu'-gur 


proof 


cha'gu 


to prove 


T-cha'-gu. 


to pull 


i-kuiuj. 


to pull out 


i-sliui'ig'-(-kun 



■pulse 



quarter 



quick 



ready 
red 



si- waiig'-f ki-cha 



to push 


I-pat'-ku 


to put 


i-muk' 


to put into 


J-U' 



i-ju-wa' 



/ bet'-ku 
] de-re '-re 
(-bou'-i 



kaw'-ni 



f on '-a 

•- be-ket'-ke 

imat'-ki 
mat'-kli 
ma'-ru 



Sen ready. 

See f/ood. 

See to buy ; ske, value, 

equivalent. 
Jdh-tsu, to sing ; a singer. 



To straighten ; to spread 

out. 
Si-icailT], wind ; ki-cha, 

string. 

See to give. 
See to po ur. 

' Applied only to the qmr- 

ters of an animal ; for 

a fourth part of an in- 

• animate object, they 

only say tak, a piece. 

Rapid, sudden, to huriy. 
Applied to a rapid stream. 
Very quick. 

This word is now in a 
transition state. Koiig- 
-j-Zt, the original form 
(see note on dust) is 
still sometimes, though 
rarely, used, and is 
equally understood. 



rainbow 


ke-be' 






Snake. 


rat 


skwe 






Also mouse and mole. 


ravine 


koiig-j-be 


-li'-na 






raw 


ha'-ki 

' i-ru'mi ' 






In going to a place. 


to reach 


i-re'-ska 




f 


With the hand ; always 
used with ii-ra (arm. 






. 


hand); thus "I cannot 








reach it" keje u-ra re- 








, 


ska. 



To prepare. 

Reddish. 
Brownish red. 



1875.] 



567 



[Gabb. 



region 



kin 



to remain 


on'-te 


remainder < 


be-ta-|-on'-te 
be-ta+tso'+nya 


to remember 


ke-fhen-i-cho 


to resemble 


suiag 


to reside 


se'-ne-ke 


to rest 


he'-ne-ke 


to return 


re'me-li 


ribs 


chi-ne' 


ribbed 


bu-che-no'-noi 


right 


boi 


rigbt hand 


u-ra-fbvra' 


rim 


su-su'-i 


rind 


i-kwo'-lit 


ring 


shkit'-ke 


ripe 


ri 


to rise 


i-ku'-kn 


river 


di-fki-bi' 


rivulet 


di+la 


road 


nyo-ro' 


to roast 


i-ku-ke' 


rock 


ak 


to rock 


a-lik-a-lik'-e 


to roll 


i-vi^o-be-tru' 


roof 


hu-j-ku 


roots 


wi'+nyuk 




'bus'-kr 




du'-ki 


rope 






tsa 



' Ki}i has a double mean- 
ing. It is used thup, 
Lari kin the region, or 
district of Lari; de-je 
Mn, the salt region (the 
sea). Besides it signi- 
fies on, or in, a place or 
direction ; is kin, be- 
low ; be-ia kin, on the 
point or summit of a 
hill ; nyo-ro kin on the 
road. 

Be'-ta, see end, point. 
Tso(et-so-si) to have, to be. 
Ke, not ; see to forget. 
To see, to look. 



Good. 

V-ra, arm ; btca, right, in 

sense of direction or 

side only. 

See skin, bark. 
See sJiki, round. 



Di, water; ?d-bi, large. 
La, diminutive. 



Stone. 

As a cradle, or a round- 
bottomed vessel. 

See to twist, to turn, to 
shake. 

Hu, house. 

Nyuk, rump, butt. 

A twisted, or ' 'laid" rope. 

A plaited rope, 
f A common, roughly made 
I rope, a bark stricg, or 



1 a vine used in tying ; 



I 



Gabb. 



508 



Aug. UO, 



rotten 
rouyli 



round 



rump 



sap 



savannah 
to save 
to say 
scab 

to scare 

scattered 

scorpion 



to scrape 

to scratch 

sea 

to search 
to see 
seed 
to sell 



C'-nu'-ne-Ava 

a-ten-eteu-e' 

sliki 



nyuk 



wu'-li 



sok 

i-bru' 

i-chu' 

1 pash'-|-kwo 

su-wa'-)-ung 

tski'-tski 

bi-che' 

i-a-pa'-fsi-u 

i-kru' 

i-bi'-u 
r di+de-je' 
I de-je-|-kin 

i-jii+lu' 

sueiag 

wo' 

i-me'-rir 



Circular. 

Used lor anytliing round- 
ed, like the face, a seed, 
a lump in the flesh, a 
rounded liill, the sun, 
moon, and in the names 
of various parts of the 
body. 

See butt, roots, river, 
moiitli. 



back ; 



to run 


i-nen-e' 




sacrum 


ju'-wo-|-di-cha 


Jii'-tco, small of 
di clw, bone. 


sad 


hed-i-a'-na 


See grief, sorry. 


saliva 


wi'-ri 




salt 


de-je' 




sand 


tsoiig' -f chi-ka 


See hcacli, gravel 



rial. 

This root, probably de- 
rived from some allied 
dialect, is now adopted 
into Isthmian Spanish 
as "uli," "hule," etc., 
for caoutchouc. 



Kwo, scale ; not l-pa-\-skioo 

to wash. 
See to frighten. 



\ 



f Like to scrape the bark 
from a stick ; to scale 
a fish is i-kioo'-\-si-ii. 
To clean a dirty surface. 

Di, water ; de-je', salt. 

See region. 

See to hunt, to look for. 

See round. 



1875.] 

to send 



to sew 



569 



i-pat-ku-fmi 



i-wo-f-ju+wo 



[Gabb. 

I-pai-?cu, to push ; l-mi-a 
to go. 

' TFc,besidesround, means 
in tliis and similar con- 
nections, whole, to- 
gether, complete or 
closed. See to close ; 
i-ju-ioo, to make, "to 
make closed," or "to 
make together." 



shadow 



to shake 



shallow 



sharp 

to sharpen 
she 

shell 



shield 

shin 

to shine 



shirt 
to shoot 



si-ri-ti'-gnr 
'i-wo-j-ti'-u 
i-wong-|-ju 



bu-litk' 



r 

a-ka'-f-ta 

i be-ta'-fta 
j a-ka'-j-ung 
I be-ta'-fung 

ye 

jok'se-r5 

pu-li' 

su-ri' 

sa-ra' 

so'gur 

taiig'-|-'^c> 

du-r'u'-ru-i 

i-lu'-|-gur 

pa'+yo 

i-tu' 



A violent motion like 
shaking dust out of a 
cloth. 

A gentle motion, like 
leaves in a breeze. 

Applied to water ; di-\-si 
a shallow stream or 
pond. 

A shallow vessel, like a 
pan or dish. 

A-ka, tooth, sharp tooth- 
ed or edged ; like a 
knife edge. 

Sharp pointed. 



Also he. 

Flat univalves ; helix, 
cyclostoma, helicina,^ etc. 
Long univalves ; melania, 
bulimus, glandina, etc. 
Donax. 
Large bivalves. 



Lu, light ; to shine like a 
fire, to give light. 

Pa, skin, covering ; see 
X^antaloons . 

To cut, to chop. 



Gabb 



570 



[Aug. 20, 



short 



r hu'-ye 
l hu'-shi-a 



shoulder 






so'-bri 


shoulder 


blade 


o 


slirimi) 




so' 


to shut 




f i-wo-j-tu' 
I i-shka-|-pa-i 


sick 




ki-ri'-na 


side 




f wo'-j-su-li 
I u-ra' 


silence 




bi'-ne 








'he'+ke-pi 


similar 






nyi'-|-ke-pi 
di-u'-si 


to sing 






nyi-|-shtsei' 
isb-tsu' 


sister 
sister-in- 


law 


kut+a' 
bo'-fkut 








f i-kwo'-lit 



' This was explained to me 
by the person holding 
his hands but a few in- 
ches apart; saying this 
was hu'-ye; with his 
hands about a yard a- 
piut he said hu'-sM a, 
while any greater 
length is bi-tsint/, long. 

See axe. 

!- See to close, to cover, to 
open. 

Of the body. 
Right or left hand ; u-ra, 
arm. 

Alike, also, thus. 
Equal, alike. 
"Like that." 
Exactly alike,iu si)eaking 
See priest. 





f i-kwo'-lit 


Cuticle, bark, scale, nail, 


skin 


_ 


feather, etc. 




pa 


Cuticle, surface, or any 
soft outer envelope. 


skull 


wo'-ki-|-dicha 


Wo- Id, head; di-cha, bone 


sky 


houg'-fkut-tii 


See note to country. 


to sleep 


ki-puk' 


-.. 


slee^jy 


ki-pu-j-wet'-ke 




sloping 


o-utk' 


See beveled. 




r se-noiig' 


Choloepus Uojfmanni. 


sloth 


< se'-ri 


Arctopithecus castaniceps. 




v^ di'-ra 


Cydothurus dorsalis. 


slow 


en-ai-en-ai' 




small 


tsi'-la-la 


See little. 


small of back 


tsiiig-wo 




to smell 


la 




to smell good 


( a-mas-a-mas' 


Like flowers and fluids. 


O 


(^ m-nas-m-nas'-i 


Like food. 


smoke 


shkou-o' 





1875.] 



571 



[Gabb. 



smooth 



snail 



snake 



fji-ji 

I jis-jis 

I u-ris-u-ris'-i 

)pu-li' 
jok'-se-ro 
ki-x^e 



ke-be'^ 



to sneeze 


cbi'-na 




r i-nyes' 
t he'-ke-pi 


so 


soft 


, J a-ni'-ni-e 
i b-jo'-b-jo 


soil 


i'-juk 


sole of foot 


klu-f-ptu 


solid 


me '-ye 


sometimes 


mi-kle' 



je4-la 



{Both syllables equally 
accented. Not neces- 
sarily polished. 
Polished. 

j- See shell 

Shell-less species. 
' A curious coincidence ex- 
ists in the fact that in 
the Island of Santo Do- 
mingo, where there are 
no venomous reptiles, a 
poisonous plant, retain- 
ing its native name, is 
called by the people 
Jci-be'. 



"So, or thus, he says." 
Alike, or similar ; it is 

also used in the sense 

of "doit so." 
Like cloth. 
Like a cushion, or soft 

bread. 
Earth; not l-juk',to drink. 
Klu, foot ; ptu, al so palm 

of hand. 



Je, my ; la, or la-la, from 
tsi'-la-lalittle. Father, 
mother, son, &c,, are 
always used with either 
a personal pronoun, or 
the name of the relative. 



son-in-law 


na-wa'-ki-ra 




soon 


f sir'-a-pa 
I tsi'-net 


See immediately. 

Near. 


sore 


f su-me'+wo 
I ki-nung 


Ulcer. 
Proud flesh. 


sorry 


hed-i-an'-a 


See grief, sad. 


sour 


shku-shku'-i 




to speak 


i-§htu 




spirit 


rbi 

t- wig'-bru 


> See ghost; also introduc- 
tory notes. 



A. P. S. — VOL. XIV. 3V 



CJabb.] 



572 



[Aug. 20, 



to spit 


wu-ri-j-tu+wo' 


See saliva. 


spleeu 


tak 


Sec fever. 


to spoil 


i-nu'-ne 


See old, rotten. 


spotted 


kro'-ro 






■ i-sIiuiTg-f-tsu 


Loose objects, as grain, 


to spread 




cacao, etc.; also to un- 
roll. 




^. i-shui'ig-fP'^'' 


A cloth, &c. ; see to open. 


spring 


jol 


Also a cataract. 


sprit 


su-re'+wo 




spy 


i-tut'-kuk 


' This word applies equally 
to a triangular or a 
polygonal surface, and 
means rather angular. 




r shki-shki^-a 


There are no specific 




names for figures of 






different numbers of 






sides, the exact shape 


square 




being designated by 
such phrases as "four- 
sided," &c. 




~ si-chit '-ki-a 


A square prism ; like a 
beam ; see angle. 


to stab 


i-tiuiig'-j-wa 




to stand 


i-mer'-dwo 




star 


bek'-fwo 




to start 


be-te' 




to steal 


liog'-bru 




stick 


kar 




to stick to 


i-ba'-tsa-wa 




sticky 


bi-ti-bi-ti' 




to sting 


i-tke'-wet 




to stink 


( o-ru'-(-ba-ra 
L la-j-su-ru'-i 


O-ru'-i, much. 

La, to smell; su-ru'-^had. 


to stir 


i-shu-j-i-kruiig 


Shu, see middle ; l-kruiig 
to grasp, to hold. 


stone 


ak 




stool 


krii-wa' 


See bench. 



stop 



stout 



pa-pa' 



chi-ka+tyng' 



Second person, impera- 
tive, present. This 
verb is used in no other 
mood, tense, or person. 
In all other cases, Mn'- 
tsu, to wait, is used. 

Ghi-lca, material; tyiig\>\g 



1875.] 



573 



[Gabb. 



straight 

to straighten 

to strike 



shke-j-we' 
i-shung'-lu 
' i-pu 

i-tu 



To beat. 

To strike with tlie inten- 
tion of cutting or 
wounding ; see to cliop, 
to shoot, &G. 



string 


ki-cha' 




strong 


de-re '-re 




to suck 


i-ku'-f-juk 


Ku, tongue ; l-juk', to 
drink; also to lick. 


sudden 


bet'-ku 


Quick. 


sugar 


pa'-gl-f-chi-ka 


See sugar cane ; chi-ka, 
material. 


summit 


be-ta'4-kin 


' Be-ta, point; kin region 5 
the summit of a hill or 
road. 


to summon 


i-ki-u' 


To call. 


sun 


di'-j-wo 




sure 


je'-na 


See true. 


to swallow 


i-mru'-f-mi 




sweat 


pa-)-li'-na 


See liot. 


to sweep 


i-wush'-|-kru 


See broom and to scrape. 


sweet 


bro-broi' 




to swim 


a-u'-ku-ri 




to swing 


i-ung'-ke-a 




tail 


ma-lek' 

r i-tSU 






i-tsu'-f-me 


Me, yourself (take from 


to take 


i-ju'-ftsu 


me). 
Ju, auxiliary (go and 
take. 




, i-tsunk' 


Take it up. 


to talk 


i-shtu' 


To s].-)eak. 


tall 


tyng'-j-bru 


See large. 


tame 


hu'-(-ru 


Eu, house. 


to tangle 


ish-chon'-a-ga 




tapir 


na-i' 




to taste 


i-quash'-tse 






- i-krash'-a-na 


Like cloth. 


to tear 




' To tear open, like split- 
ting a piece of sugar 




- i-schi'-na-na 


cane with the hands, 
or tearing open the 
skin of an orange. 



teat 



tsu'4-wo 



Gabb.] 



574 



[Aug. 20, 



teeth 



a-ka' 



' While other tribes have 
special names for the 
molars, the Bri-bris call 
them a-ka-\-di-u'-shent 
(back teeth). 



temples 


wo'-fki-f-cha 


Wo-ki, head ; ke-cha, see 
leg, neck. 


tender 


to'-to 


See fragile, weak. 


tendon 


ki-cha' 


String. 


testicles 


kyak 




that 


es'-e 


Apparently Spanish, ese. > 


that (is it) 


es'-es 


" " eso es. 


then 


1 e'-wa 
I et'-to 


Also afterwards. 






there 


f di-ya' 

1 di-ya'-j-e-ku 






" In that direction ;" see 






here. 


they 


ye'-f-pa 


See lie. 


thick 


bu-ri'-ri 




thief 


hog'-bru-|-ru 


See to steal. 


thigh 


tu 




thin 


si-bu'-bu-i 




to think 


hen'-|-be-ku 


See forget, rememler, and 
inti'oductory notes. 


this 


/ i'-sa 
I hi 


Not e'-se, that. 
f A-ka'^ tooth. Deriva- 


thorn 


di-ka' 


\ tively applied to a 
^ needle. 


thorns 


dike' 


Plural ; see introductory 
notes. 


thou 


rbe 
I be '-re 






Re, see note to I. 


thrice 


m-nyat-1-juk 




throat 


bi-do'-nya 




to throw 


/ i-hu'-juk 
li-tu 






See to slioot, to pour, &c. 


thumb 


u-ra-|-ska-}-wong'-wi 


See finger. 


thunder 


a-ra' 




thus 


/ he'-ke-pi 
I i-nyes' 






See so. 






f This is one of several 


tick 


bur-ir'-i-e 


\ specific names for the 
'- same insect. 


to tickle 


se-cho'-ne 




to tie 


i-mao' 





1875.] 



575 



[Gabb. 





' di-ko'-rum 


F. concolor. 




na-mu' 


Generic. 


tiger 


na-mu-(-kro'-ro 
du-re'grub 


\ F. onca. 




se-an'-um 


ditto, black var. 




- ish-tsa-(-na-mu 


F. pardalis. 




r nyo-nyo'-ne 


Past; it means "a long 


time ■! 




time ago." 




. en-e'-ri-e 


Future time, also remote. 


tired 


shti-ri'-na 




toad 


bu-ke/ 




tobacco 


da-wa' 




toes 


klu-j-rat'-ska 


Klu, foot ; rat-ska, see 
finger. 




nyi'-ta 


See with. 


together 


edj'-ka 






^ nyi-shke' 


See even. 


to-morrow 


bu-le' 




tongue 


ku 




top 


be-ta' 


See point, end, summit. 


top of head 


man-e'+be-ta 


Be-ta, summit. 


torch 


kirk 




tortoise 


kwi 




to touch 


i-ku'-f-wa 




tree 


kar 


Also stick ; see forest, &c. 


top of tree 


kar+ko'-f be-ta 


See tree and summit. 


trunk of tree 


kar'-|-u-ku 




tribe 


wak 






rje'-na 


In the sense of " yes, that 



true 



truth 
to turn 

ugly 
ulcer 

uncle 

unclean 

under 

to understand 

unlike 

unripe 



maw'-ki 

maw'-ki 

i-wo-f-tru 

su-ru'-i 

su-me'-|-wo 
f ye-nong' 
^ ye-nong-(-juk 
/ nya' 
I bu-ku-ru' 

is'-^kin 

ish-tse'-bo 

hau'-ri 
rha'-ki 
I pan'-|-ri 



is so," 
Absolutely ; as contradis- 
tinguished from false. 

See to twist, to roll, to 

shake. 
See bad. 

Maternal. 

Paternal. 

Dirty, filthy ; see dung. 

In suiterstition. 

See below. 



Bi, ripe. 



Gabb.l 

to unroll 
to untie 
until 
to unwind 

up 
upon 



upper arm 
upright 
to use 
valley- 
value 
vein 

very 



vertebra 



576 



i-shung-|-tsu 

i-wo'4-tsu 

ia-pan'-a 

i-shung'-|-tsu 
j shke 
I a-koiig 
f a-koiig 
I be-ta'-j-kin 

u-ra'4-krob 

sbke'-]-ka 

i-wa'-tu 

koiig'--)-bli 

ske 

ki-cba' 

{o-ru'-i 
cbuk'-li 
tu-ru/-ru-i 

ko'-|-wo 



f tsa'-f ki-cba 
I 



kar'+ki-clia 



[Aug. 20, 

See to open, to spread. 

See to iinroll. 
See straight. 



See point, under, and 

summit. 
U-ra, arm. 
See perpendicular. 



See equivalent. 
String, 

> See much. 

Applied only to very hot 
water. 



f Tsa, any vine or strip of 
! bark that can be used 



j to tie with ; hi-clia, a 
I string. 

{Kar, wood ; generally, 
one that cannot be used 
to tie with. 



viscid 


ku-nyo'-ku-nyo 


Like syrui) or honey. 


voice 


or'-ke 




to vomit 


cho'+li 


I-clio, to lose. 


to wag 


i-wo-|-tsi'-tsi 


Like a dog's tail. 


waist 


ki-par' 




to wait 


/- i-kin'-f-tsu 
^ i-pan'-a 


To wait for anything or 

person. 




To wait until another 






time. 


to walk 


i-shku' 




to want 
warm 


i-ki-a'-na 
ba 


See to call, to name. 
See hot. 



Bur, bee ; nya, dung. 



1875.] 

weak < 


to'-to 
to-toi' 




well 1 


ble 
boi 




to weep 

J 


ma-iu' 
' nu-ne'-ga 




wet I tse-bat'-tse-ba 






'i 
ed-i' 




what 


wes 




when 


mi'-ka 
-weng 




where 


. we'-du 




whisper 


sa'-sa 




whistle 


^hka'-kuiig 




white 


su-ru'-ru-i 




who 


j^ - 




whole 


wan'-yi 






'iub 


\ 


why 


i-kuen'-ke 
in'-u-i 


f 


wide 


shu-j-tyng' 




wife 


je-[--»i.'a'-kur 




wild 


ka+nyi'-fru 




wind 


si-waiig' 




wing 


i-pik' 




to wipe 


i-pa-f-kru 




with 


f ta 
Iwa 




woman 


e-ra'-kur 




wood 


kar 




to work 


ka-ne'-bruk 




worm 


r nya-f bus'-eri 
I nya'-j-wak 





[Gabb. 
See tender ; fragile. 

Noun. 

Adjective and adverb ; 



The person, as in a rain. 
See green ; applied to in- 
animate objects. 

"What is it," or "what 

is the matter." 
"What did you say?" 
Personal ; who. 



"Where is ?' 

in a sentence. 
Used alone. 



Used 



Ka (a-Jca) the teeth ? 
Also light colored. 

Entire. 

' Used alone, or at the be- 
ginning of a sentence, 
i-kuen'-ke means " that 
is the reason," as well 
as being used interro- 
gatively. 

Used alone. 

See middle, narrow, and 
large. 

See ■woman and son. 

See tame ; ka (kar) tree 
(forest) ; nyi, together. 



See to scrape. 
Accompanying. 
By means of ; i-wa ?, 
"what with?" 

See tree, stick. 
V Lumbricus ; nya, dung. 



Gabb.] 



578 



[Aug. 20, 



to wrap 


i-be-ku'-wa 




to wring 


i-wo-f-be-tru' 


See to roll 


wrinkled 


j u-ku-nu-j u-ku-nu' 




wrist 


u-ra+wo'-f-bak 





year 



da-wab'' 



yellow 


j tski-ri'-ri 
I du-ko'-lum 


yes 


/he 

ttu 


yesterday 


clii-ki' 


you 


ha 


young 


pu^.pu 


yourself 


me 



'The year is counted by 
the dry seasons when 
the flower stalks of the 
river cane are ripe and 
fit to cut for arrow 
shafts. 

Uright yellow. 

Brownish yellow. 

Synonymous ; 7ie is most 
commonly used. 



Only used in compounds; 
see note on pronouns. 



1875. 



579 



[Gabb. 







!>»§ 






^rf 






-«§ 






;2cq 












"ci M 






O-c! 


OD 




— ' t* 

c3 =3 


W 




■^'3 


O 




Si 


<i 




£a2 


p 




cq 


o 






^ 






<! 






i-:i 






-d 






« 






<J 




^ 


P5 






0:3 




M 

^ 






H 


Q 






^ 






<1 






1— T 






t— 1 




._. 


H 


^ 


^ 


« 


H 

CO 


H 


^ 


O 




O 


O 




P3 


^ 




<i 


P5 


* 


o 


W 


o 




W 


>• 


H 
W 







H 
fe 


O 


o 
D 


O 


Em 


O 


>H 


O 


§ 

o 


P5 




■1 


<! 




c3 

o 


i-:i 






P 




d 


oa 






<J 




p 


o 




m 


o 




w^- 


^ 




o.fc 


w 






> 




4> 


>— 1 




^ 






C3 

o 


K 






<1 






PL^ 






^ 






o 






o 




■s 



^ a 



O (O ■J 
^ i=l 0) 



*iri 




^ 


bcTi^ 


<b 




• cH 


s ^ 


r^ 


:;, f? 


35 


£ ^ 


tn 


OJ ' 






6 


be -i 


Jh 


o £ 


-73 


o ,« 


■ fH 



^ 










^ 


c3 




^ 


bt 


g o 




i^ 


n 


r4 


'p 


'o 





a ^ 




o 


cS 


'"Y 




^ 


J-r. ^ 


s 


s 


^ 


a 


6 


li 


"n 


^S 1 


c3 


i 


6 


3 


't* 




o 


o fl 


rO 


+3 


^ 


■Ti 


o 


rS 


^c 


r^ ;:5 



o 
=3 ® 9 ^„ 

2 M I fee 
, :j So-' 







bO 






n 


+3 


^ 


pi 


£ 


rO 


+ 


AJ 


o 


"bC 


fl 


§ 


3 


CS 


pd 


fO 


!h 


N 



be 
i=l 

CO 

+ 



."Is PI 



cS bC 



00 fii r^ += cS 



a 

O o 

b£ o g 
^' be ^ 

s ^ I 

cc OS p 





be 










a 










s 








^ 


^ 








g 


CO 

+ 






cS 


tc 


bfi 








c« 


n 






M 


,y 


o 






^' 



p!s! 



eS 






■Jf 




S 


g 




^ 


i 


• pH 


^ ri^i 


rd 


^ s 


es ^ 


+ 

bo 


eg ry J, <B 

g p s ^ 


5 ^^ 


fl 


.^ ^ t ^ ^ 


ii< ^ 'T* 


o 


CO 0) O ^' O 


'r' CO Ph 


^ 


^ ^ n3 <B ^ 


^ ry P 



A. P. S. — VOL. 



to adhi 
afraid 
afterw 
again 


bed 


.a 

o 

-1-3 


as 


1 


"ci 


11 

.bp 


a 
o 

Is 


CO 

be 

a 


o 

"3 


bloS 

G P 
(S eS 


42 

1 


"3 

CS 


XIV. 3w 



























be IS 
? ol 

03 f-l S 



Gabb. 



580 



[Aug. 20. 



e8 

-^^ ,0 +S 



G CO 















JS 


^ 










.^ 


^ 






<D 




c3 


CO 




o 


13 


13 


CO 


^ 




C3 y^ 



CO <D 

a, S 

CO ^ 



£3 


+3 






6 
^ 










CO 

+ 


+ 
o 


be 









&D 












PI 












S 












_J_ O 












.. -' ^ 












-^ N rr 












n o isc 






o 


fcD 

a 




-^ -^ i 

r CO ■ 


o 

CO 


^ 




o 


<s 


a 1 ' 




0) 


■^ 




Sh 


;3 fcc 4, 


ri!^ 


>J 


o 


o 


cc 


^^ a 


o 


'm 



.^ f-l aj i? 
O ^ ,i4 ^ 



cS « 


B 

be ® 


r^ j 


•ri ^ 



W^ 










^« 

o 

ID 


"c3 


a 






o 


CO 


*l^ 


M 


fj 





"i 


To 


c« ^' 


rO 


'1 


!l 


ri3 


'i. 


CC 


-(J 



^ .-i 



J5 ^ 



r^ a T J -~ aw 

q; ra ^ r c: n r o 
co^a O Pri^^'O^ 



a 

^ c« + 

cc; '^ a 

CO .rt 'C 



W ^H 



E-' fe 05 
^ ^ fl~l 



M 



ca cs 4J cs 



c3 


2 ^ 


ce 


O 


t- CO 


o 


-|J 


cs a 


4J 



-i^ 



4J r-H k^ 

a g <B o 

a ^ >4 cs 

c3 ci cS ^ 



eS 


CO 










s 




^ 


■« 










-(3 




Cm 


53 










e»-( 




O 


c3 






c3 




O 


4^ 








a 




^ -' 


05 




o 


TS 


bC 


a 


CD 


•^ 


03 


C5S 


c3 


rt 


c3 


S 


S 


a 


CC 


^ 


.Q 


^ 


^ 


,0 


rO 


,a 



rt Q «l 03 



,a -g ^ ^ ^ 



1875.] 



581 



[Gabb. 






M 



f3 (D 



'■V ^ 
3 .^ 






a ^ .^ 






9 cs 



^ ^ '5 M ^ 



hD 



02 '^ pQ to ii2 



ho be 

is 



ri^ 



fcX) 






o 






^ .3 



bJD 
4- bD 

J a 

a ^ 

a 



,i!( N 



o 
+ 



a .S fl 

^ tj .9 

g .5 CD T3 

S ts ^ .^ 



r!4 









to 







bo a 

eg -p-i >ra 



r^ 


c« 


'tc 




"=5 a 


c5 -- 


a 


"i 




i -g 


>i >5 


;m 


O 


J ^ 


bC Y 


^ a 


^ 


rC! 


oa '^ 


.4, rO 



'ft ^ 



a >aj ."^ 






TO ■ I 






1^ a t. 



^1 






13 ^ 4J 



^ 



13 pj 



ajcDiBoaiiDiBajaj'i-io ■'"''--''"' 



eg eg .a O 



^^ ^ ^^^^^^^rO^rO^rO^^^^-;^ 



a 
a 

be 
4 _ 

a 
^ 3 



p^ ^ o o 



,a rO 



a +3 
o o 



Gabb.] 



582 



[Aug. 20, 



,i4 






§ § "I 



be 

o a 
J o 

2 -^ 



■A .^ 



C3 rj 



S >! 



ft Ph 



3 



,i£| 



g o 






a 


^ ^ 






^ 


Ji ^ 






+ 






U) 


i+5 

1 r-( S3 


c3 


o 


-a r!Sl -*3 


o 


o 
a 


1o 



i=l 
o 

2 ri^ 





bD 


c3 


a 


^ 


o 


i» 


^1 






^ -V, 


"n 


S ^ 


o 


cS 13 


fl 


rS= Esc 


ft 



o 




o 


^ 






a 
o 


:i 


3 O 


c3 


•rH O) 


pii! 


rJs) 


>J M 













g 


"ci 










•1— 1 












a 



f^u 


^ =« 


c3 


•« £ 


>o 2 


^ 


o > 


-^ - .i. 




r 


4. <u a 
J + + 





-9 


-^ 51 S 












^ 




<o 


cS 






ft 


"c3 


a 




i^ 


a 






^ 



cs F* 



d cs 



O O i-i 

rQ ^ ^ 



S 4^ -^ ,a 

jl; 02 a: o 

o c^ ^ O 

'-^ 35 4) O 

O ^ S- t^ 

-13 ,0 ^ ^ 



■S -2 -^ 

?H /*) t-i !h 5-( 
^ .g ^ ^ ^ 



^ ,a 



^ r-l 
TO M 




? -5 




? -S -^ 




•ri -iJ a 




rQ -|- be 


c3 


^ '^i 


^ 


• r-l r^ rH 


,Jsj 



+3 'd ft 



p Of 



,2 

be a 

" a 

,0 ^ 





-)— 










ce 




bO 


n3 




>> 






bfl 

a 

03 


-s 






a 
,0 







J2 


IB 


a 


2 


a 





"3 


,Q 


,^ 


.^ 


4J 


« 


W 












>H o 
o -^ 

H 2 



1S75.] 



583 



[Gabb. 



+ 



II 

CO j^ 



M 



M 






tx ^ 



+ 



+ 















1 






















o 




















O 


^ 










o 




cS 




bJ3 


N 


+ 






rt 
^ -- 




^ 




^ 






M 


0) 






W) o 




^ 

& 




ci" 




"be 

o 


CI 
pi 








i S 
3 =« 




M cS 




N 


ri<4 


09 










&D 








o 






^ 
^ 




P 








^ 
-S 


5 




t8 










"as - 

^ - 


5 


ao 


i 

+ 


1 


is ^ - 


D 






^ -^ 





3 


^ o 


O 


C3 ^ 3 t« 








^ 


u 


3 


s a 


;-i 


!>>,:«! 





p, p 


i 






02 r 


s<i 


^ 


P^ M 


^ 



i% 



o 
B 

p<3 



bio 



+ 

o 

,i4 



-9 ^ 

bo 4 

eS be o 

.4. r£3 rQ 



5 g 



c3 

n 

be 

+ 



o rM 



cS -j- 



bO 



r-s -IJ .rt r^ 



^ O 
•A '^ 



^ 


O 


(S 


S 


>; 


o 








w 




-l-s 


5 


s 


fl 


o 


03 


cS 


O 


o 



-3 h 



:? o ^ 



s i; 5 s -« 






^ «tH 'C! 



« o 5 .g .S r3 



rt c3 O O r^ 






«fl 



J g 



oo+3+3«ooo«+=»« 



^ O O O O 

« o « o o 



CO o 



o o o o 
o o « o 



Gabb.] 



584 



[Aug. 20, 



M 



ci ■r' 









^ + 



~ --J 
.J. O 



,i4 



13 





o 




o 


'^ 




t« C5 £« r 


o 






o 









+ 








+ 


o 








"si 


r^ 










03 




^ 


+2 




O 


o 


o 






M 




<^ 




a 
ill 

a 


a 


i=l 


^ 

+ >. 


&J3 

n 
•V o 


o 


p 


^ '9 


i -? 


N 


N 


^ 'O 


QJ T-l 


r^ 






rJSl »<ri^ .^ P, 



o 































Ca 




■>> 




4J 


^ 


+ 


•^ 


s 


■H 




6 


__1^ 


,^ 


rS 






o 



w 



a a S 



^ O c3 o J, 
3 ^ ^ ^ ^ 






" 

O o w 



>5 

o o 



.5 -S -5 '^ ^ "Ss ?s .^ a o 



a .pi< ,2 i» 



c3 CS .S 5 O 

^ ri£| rd ^ ^ 

O 



>5 -s 



;3 
_ o 



i>^ £ - - .^ 

N S O TS 'S 






>5 O CS 



I.U C^ C^ Q Q „ 
'O fQ 1^ +s 4J rg 



P 

B 
13 









43 «i5 q=l 







ffS 


>» 


.";l, 


!■< 






^ 


->j 


rQ 


m 






+ 




fi 




^ 


"^ 




^ 


m 


)3 


O 

0) 
>5 






1 

o 
a 

a 


c3 

i 

a 




o 






■^ 




>» 






+= 


&c 








i 




a 

M 


r^l 


r£. 






d- 


* 


0) 


fe= 


1:3 


a> 






<B 


cS 


<x> 


<D 


«l 




^ 


■^ 


t3 


n3 


'd 





1875.] 



5S5 



[Gabb. 





^ 


m 


r=^ 




■lA 


^xn 


be 




S 


CS 


^ 


^ 


^ 


,:2 



ce (&c 



r!*) 






^ 



1=1 



s 
+ 



^ o 3 



03 


C« 


O 
1 




















O 


O 

6 


r— 1 


6 


ri*! 


ri>i 


^ 


l>a 



f3 O 1^ - 


















eg 


S 


g 


C 

a be 


^ O 

!3 be 


be 
3 




"be cs 
PI fe 

'i' pi 


o 




-^ "v 


o f. 


u 


O (B 


•^ s 




*M 


N .ri, 


re ^ 


r^ 


>5 .X 


ifl oa 



+ 









f3 




be 


o 


jj 


^ 




"^ 


s 




a! 


1 


3 


o 


m 


-|J 






^ 


.M 


,Q 






•rt -r-t M tn 



o ^ 
c^ be 



bD 

§ + 
7 c8 



"- *? O ,i 



cS 






fl 


»4 






<B 


© ^ 




Q^ 


?-< 


^ ■>: 


^ 


'S 


1 


o ® 


<B 


■5 




+3 'd 


n:3 


+3 


'S 



:5 o 



o bo 
o o 



.3 
ft 
o 

o ^ 



-4-3 ^ 



O c« 
OJ 3 



s>i2 be^fH^Hf^ 






iUJinlnPl cSC^cScScS O'iSbCTH 



nsns-ij'CPO-Jj'O'Ci'O'^ «®a)®ii'-i^ a>i»«J<» 



Gabb.] 



586 



[Aug. 20, 



M 


^ 


a 


£>0 


.25 


CO 




■?l 


rt 


'S 


i^ «'-, 


r^ 


M 


+3 


r4 .^ 





,i4 




•73 


« 
^ 






s 




^' 


.14 c3 


•^ 






cj 


tn Ih 


cc 


c« 


Cj 


ff> 


0) 


-J -^ 


? 


ri«J 


•rH 


'o 


13 


^ :1^ 


^ 



H s 



o c 3 

<^ o 5 o 



tC TO 



fe O 





O 


o 


^ 


-9 


M 




O 




a 


V + 


•7 


g-^ 




ri 



^ ^ ^ ^ 2 
I ^ ^^ ^ '^ 







-: S -^ J -b 

D !h O 0) .i- 
P,^ ^ ri< r!»! 



^ 










« 


•F-1 




& 


^ 




4f 


^ ^ 




c 



1dm 


-^ 


a si 






•r-< M 


>5 


(B 



•- -TO 

S 5s S « 





"i 








C3 















WSH- 






V 






Sll » 












> 


eS 




■Js 






S« 


-^ 


"^ 


S 


fji 


ffS 




tr^ 


4^ 


c3 


a 


Is 


d 


Xi 




•S 


"cs 


D 


^ 


•l-H 




^ 


to 



o o J .-: 



tS P .4. .^ riii .A T3 







^ 


^1 


l-T 


'^ CO 


c« 






rill 1 




f-l 


'O 


•^ Pk 


M 


1=5 ?3 •^. 



s s 



fl «* 









a)c»(»<B««(i)«5i^+stg«Si^ 



iVh V-i -«J Vi 



I ^ 



bfl 



&D 






-is -fl tfl '-C! 



1875.1 



587 



[Gabb. 







« 


c3 






0!! 


^ 






+ 


+ 1 


r 




S 

.i^ CO 





M 



"c3 




cS 


r^ 


;^ 


a 


^ 


■^ 


s 



+ 



M 



^ ,i4 



P --' 

^ a a 



g - 




V &0 ^ 




■- r cS 




& ^ ? 








^ .s + s ^ 


^ ^ f3 ri-1 :p=5 


a. 5:3 



o 

:3 r^ 



o o 



+ 



o ■» 



be 

a OS 

=> 2 

^ 



ft ^ ^ a >6 ''^ .JL, 



e3 ci 
(C fl f^" 



s ,a 



^ 


bD 


2 


a 

a 




+ 


+ 


o 


P 





+ 







1 






^ 

s 


a 




1 


"as 

^ Pi 


ris) 


"fH 


f-i 


!-i .";^ 


OS 


a 


fl '3 "O 










c« 






^ 






^ 






M 






M bo 




a 


a 




02 

>> 


• !=,,i£i 


,J3 


-a 


^ 


4^ 


a 



45 w ^ 

03 .jd ,a -if cs o p 

!HM05e3a)OO>a^ 

cacdcpiq3tpitmcaqac2 

A. P. S, — VOL. XIV. 3X 



as o) <u © 



.o o .o .o .o o o 



be a> 



«) .S p (u p ■Ti 



«H«(H«Hl«H=M«*HtiH=iH435Sc;:i 








a 




<s 


© 


«2 


p> 


* 


^^-i 




O T'. 





be .+3 be 



Gabb.] 



588 



[Aug. 20, 




eS 

■•^ J^ "^ 

.d 1 c3 

»5 ";ih *f 

o ,r2 -^ '3 J;5 



be' 







"? § « 
2 i ^ 



o 

^ 


o 


"b 


fl 


rQ 


6 


c5 




Ph 


P< 


'n 



rii! -O -M 



a 
P o 



^ § ^ 







&n 






a 




&D 




o 


a 






o 

CO 


'3 s 


+i 


i 


be S 


•1-3 


,i^ 


N ^ 



^ 









o 














!-l 














^ 














"bo"b 














.3 ^ 




o 


be 








M M 






fl 






"a 
o 

N 

a 


P< o o o 


be 
p 




1^ 
P^ 

+ 

pi 



Wi: 



O.S; 






ri . 




rs 


J3 




ffi) 


'-clii 
'-je-k 
'-tsik 


c3 


o 

g 




CO 02 


O 


c« ° c« 

+3 ifl -|J 





Ph t« c« =3 g 



rt <u b 

S a ^ P! fj r^ -ri -^3 rM 



O 

be 173 
20 



^ o a ou o 
2 cs tB Co a> 



be be cj 
o 



73 



s .51 Jy 



be bebebebe-ii-tJbebe^ 






+3 r3 



c3 05 eS 
,Q ft ,£) 






1875,] 



589 



[Gabb. 



<3 eS 



i 

02 




^ 


^ 
^ 






o 


(D 


4> 




'$ 


± 


S. 


^ 


M 
d 


,i4 


•1-5 


^ 


CS 


^ 



+ 



,o 






03 


^ 


"r^ 


+ 


^ 


S 



&£ 



o ■,::3 



ry 



9 + + 

g O O 3 

^ M ,i4 r^ 



ry 



n 


r^ 


r^ 


i^ 


r=l 


+ 


05 

•l-H 





.^ r^ 



PI 

+ 



J, s 



I r^ 



o 

+ 



-, ^ pO IS! 

^ ^ ^ ,y 'C "m 



+ 



be 

S 



O M P3 02 



^ 1 






be 
o 




hn 


® 


M 


1 


o 

•f-i 


PI 
•1-^ 



o 

2 § o 
6 iy ^ 



pi 

+ 
be 
a 














P 
So 

'ci 




,i2 





+ 



^ t3 




be ^ 




§ ? «« 




>i "^ -Jj 




»CD N C3 .S 


c3 


J TS ^ ^ 


pO 



a> 



pi 



ce 



-~L be pi 2 

"i G '-' u u " 

pi o r^ cs 3 t3 

,a rti! .rt ,a ,£! .rH 



M 









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o ® -a 9 o 2 

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o o _ 

pPi rd ,a 



g s ^ 



,0 bo 

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,Pj pi M 

(-1 3 .«^.S 



U TO 



b- be o 



Gabb.] 



590 



[Aug. '20, 





e3 


© 


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% 


1 + 


,a 


J bJO 


ID 


fee P 


4 


9 S 


o 


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^•^ a 



ej> 








c3 




ta 


bjO 


o 


ci 


O 


bJD 



cS O o 



(> 


be 






o 


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1 


i 


o 








bo a 

A + 



rO ^ 







r3 






bo 




a 


o 




"v 


+ 


M 


b« 


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rt 


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c3 



43 ^ -r-S^ ^ P,, 



1^ 



C 
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bc o 



£> 



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o 4^ ^ &i 







a 






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^ 






c3 


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ri4 


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CO 

g 


i.. 


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^ 


jaj 


rt4 S 


^i 






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rj 


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be 



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-73 

a30Q3a)MO©0 



(O _® 



be 



1875.] 



591 



Gabb. 



M o 



d u \ 

"I r ,02 ^ 

bJD &C p ^ 

n iS M -r- 

O O 4i .r!< 



e3 



&0 




t/3 


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o 




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risi 


d 1 








^ 53 




6 


^ 


o i. o ^ 






CO 



bJO 







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rixj 


• pH 






,jq 


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cc 


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si 




^' 


fl 




0) 


o 


o o 


>i 


o 


• rH 

6 


n3 >> 


■ri 


^ 


^A 



rirl rii! :i3 



be 

+ 



a 


bo 


1 ^ 


a 
a 


^ o 


+ 


+ ^ 


2 + 


O 


S -- "X 


"S 


S tn O 




)i a -S 


2 


K^i r^ •« 


'm 



a f-i 

g + 

- - r^ - , ^ be S 

>^,^^a;3>CD O o eg 



a 
+ 

o P -^ 



bo IV ^ 



't/3 3 



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-^ + 

a f' 







ce 






L.4 


^ 


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laj 


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a 

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a 


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M 


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a =f S 

^-f^ a 

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-a ,ii! £ .^ .A ris! P 



+ + a fe 
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ra 6 





be i^ 








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o 


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o 


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pa 

02 


a 
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u 


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bO 
a 


o 
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o 


0) 
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a 


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be 


c3 

o 


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be S r-i >^ 

be S ,2 a a 

a^aaa^asas-S a a a 



rS CD -P -rt 

fH ;-! ci n3 
03 « o o 



ra 

93 bo 

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173 rS 



Gabb.] 



592 



[Aug. 20, 



c« c :=! o 



TS ^ 









CD JZ 


OQ -o ^ 





ee 




,i«! 






-u 




rt 


_a5 


fee ^ 


^ 


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OJ 


•^ ^ 


ri^ 



o r:i 



+ 



t¥. 



^ ^ ■=« 
'^ -^ f>> 






-3 ^ 



bo 

S be 

r; a 

CO 1 

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o 












bO 




ftC 






"© 


O M 




o 






S bfl 


+ S3 










® o 


.i. o ' d 




J s-" 


-C t>j 




•+3 






N .A 



o 
pp. 

"bO 






^ o 



P.S 



ri4 J 

03 •r' ffS r^ 

C M i? -^ 



f^U 



o > 


ce 




l« 


S 




o 


+ 


"ffl 


^ 


ii 


r^ 


c3 


cS 




o 


Ifl 


ni 






•S -^ S -5! 



Al 



-^ -^ 



^ S3 

+ 2 

1-? ^-Z +. « 

fr 7 g o 3 S .i 

S M S ^ ri:! ^ a 



bD 

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0) 


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•p-( 

1 














t>> 








l» 




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.Sdajoffir^^^ cap (S (O 

ooooocooodS-;2;:3£S^SS<=Joa 

aasaasegsaaaaaSaSflrt 



18T5.1 



593 



[Gabb. 



M 



+:^ 



M 



^'.si 


C« 


« tn 


,=3 


r^ M 


o 





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^ 


1 




d 




be -' 


m 


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be 

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a J 




05 


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vn 

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■nxn 
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o 


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1 
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4) 




u 


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fl 


N 


<o 







bO 






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ce 


% 








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>i 


pQ 


-a 


eS 


cS 


c^ 









1)0 


^ 






^ 




^ 


i' tj ^ ^ 
;^ ^ ;iA ^ 
















be 






be 


"ft 


^ 


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. 'f '^ "^ 5! 

be be bo bfl J 


"cS 












13 


3 

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a 
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*c3 


c3 


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k 


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k 


cS 


cJi 


o a n a ^ 


be 


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a 


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ct 


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g -3 ^^-^ bO 


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N 


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0) 

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0) 


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0) 

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+ + + + 5: 

s d pi d X 

,:3 ^ ,rj ^ 'If 
m m m m <L 

be be be be o 

3 9^3^ 


o be 


"as 
be 

+ 
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^ 


p< 


ft 


M 


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^ 


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■?> 



a 3 



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^ ■ 



cS S 



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a ;g -^ ^ ^ E.^^ 



pi 




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^ + 




+ ? 






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+ + 


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2 9 2 3'^<^'2'<^'*''5^!>00CS)O-rH03C0^ 
SHSO t-ItHtHt-Ii-I 



(fabb.J 



J94 



[Aug. 20, 



O ' ^ ^ 
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0) :c r^ og 






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cS c« 


fi 


fcJO biD 







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+ 

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P N 
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13 'O 



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be 

n 

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^ '^ .1 









be 






ci 




a 






p; 




P 






-^ 




+ 
















g 




« 










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CO 




K! 





be 4J 



cS 


































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^ 


















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>5 


>a 
















c3 


rO 




• ^ 


C3 




^ 






S 


1 


13 
a 


be 

a 


.^ 


le 




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a 




a 
a ^ 


"ce 


+ 


+ 


a 
be - 


7, 

"c3 






^ 

M 

i + 


<o 




""T 


ri^ 


\ 


a 


>a >i 


^ a 


iQi 


rfi 


M 


a ris! 


>i 


a 


f^ 


.-!. a 


•;;-< 


J^! 


•ri 


r-l 


rt 


t3 ,o 


Cj J-i 


^ 


+2 


as 


«= A 


a 


•'— i 


o 


cs ce 


.M 


f* 


S 


-^ 


•^ 


'S 


rii! 




• M -A 


^ riil 


■iH 


,ri 


,i!j -S 


• M 




,£1 


,i^ ^ 



a -JO 



-u a 

o o 



c« ,, 



-u -u n) u o .a w 

a ;i > o '^ 1^ 'I' 

O O O +i Cl| ft ft 



Q rt rt CL 

„ r;v oj a a , o 

r;^ o .2 5 o o S 

ft 4J ft ft ft ft ft 



.t ft ft S .2 .2 a 
?? o o ^ ^ ^"S 

ft 4^ -l-J C CT C f-l 



1875.] 



595 



[Gabb. 



M 



.ri, » 

'O Pi 



■bJD 



,i^ 



ft 



2 •- 



^ 1^ 'C 'S 

M O fcp bD 
^ 5 N N 



+ 

o 



bo 




a 




s 




N -, 


O .PH 


-' Id 


rirf -tf 


'^ -g 


^' ^ 



ft i^ -H 



^ ^ 






% 










o <o 


O 
o 


p ^ ;s! ,i ;g -^ 


O 
-i2 


drung 

era-sho' 

kor'+d 



^ 



+ 



ce 




ca 


s 


rQ 


^ 


'^ 




o 


cS 




« 


M 


F-t^ 


4J 


M 


1--^ 




cS 


4-5 


-s 


3 


a 


,o 






c3 



ft a PJ ^ ns n A 



m bo 



cS CO 



PI C3 O 

<i> a a 

a ^' o 

ft ,0 ,Q 



■"T ^ /iC ivi 



^ (-CJJ 



a >i 






>» ;s 


a 



173 'd 


•1^ 


cs -^ na 


bfl 


« a) « 


a> 



OS ,d 

O O -rt -i-H •fH -iH O 



fH^^fHfHi-l-*J-(J?HfHlHf-l-4Jf-l 



A. P. S. — YOL. XIV. 3y 



C3 O O ft 
0000 



A 


Hj 


a 




03 








>» 


* 


be 


r^ 


r-' 




> 




ni 




c3 






a 


^ 


TJ 




4J 


a 


ft 


CO 













ce 


"3 


li 


cS 


ce 







u 


^ 


+i 


M 


cc 


CO 


02 


XA 


-1-9 





Gabb.] 



596 



[Aug. 20, 



H -=« 

« DO 

0} o 

,£5 'O 

O .Jit 













.^ <? 




M bD J? 




^' fl ^ 




;=! 9 M 




o 




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+ 


S W) 




^ «2 ^^ J 




"bD 

a 


O 1 ^' 




bxi .3 o 3 S 
'S E. ^ g >=i 


ci 




^ 


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a 




'S 







,i!l 



ce 








o 










^ bo 




bC 




^ 










-^ § 




fl 




J 












fS 




o 










2 + 




+ 








o 


bC 


c3 




"a? 




bJO 


+ 


Xil 

O 


be 


a 


• #-( 


CS ^ 


>i 


bJ3 


3 


^ 


^ 


^' 


"n 


O 


a pd 


.^ 


^ 




o 




c€ 


o 




a N 


^3 


N 


'S 


M 


•"m 


>a 


t>5 


.rt 



.Is be 



<s :i ^ 



O 

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02 CC 






rii! 










O 

o 


o 

bC 


id 

CO 

6 




^ 

tf 




"k 

a 


a 

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01 


o 

4J 



-2 3 







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+ 




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J. 



o £; 



" 6 9 fl . 



+ 



fl OQ rO ^ 'O 02 ^ 



"^ .^ &. 



d 
■^ 






s « 




ce 




PL, 




(» 






d 

4-5 




d 


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-iH 


rd 


02 


M ,i!l 




r^ Oi 


,^ 


rd ^ 






oi o 

'd iri 

______ _„o,3 

Ol-t^ 024^ 024^4^ 024-> 02 



d 


o 














o 


4-3 




93 




■73 

d 


^ 


o 


O 


CO 


ce 


CD 
«2 




03 
02 


02 


-i 


o 


o 


(D 


o 


<s 


o 


o 


^ 



cS <» 

rd -d 



^ I -o «^ S 

.2 .a '^ S o -S -^ S 

J ^ o rd rd ^ .2 .S 

O20C24^aSa2O!O2O2 



1S75.J 



597 



[Qabb. 



M 



+ 



ri<! 



M 






a 
+ 



+ 



o o 



a 




o 


bC 


1" 



o 


"^ 


^' 


^' 


fH 


^ 


^' 


,0 


N 











A4 





43 
so 



-M 



^i^.:i 














^ 








^ 








ts 


s 






^ 


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s 


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^ 








12 








£« 








^ 








rH! 








C^ 








+ 


g 


"® 


^ 


a 
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•^ -J 


- ''^ 


^ 4J 

"7 

>> 1=1 


•"1 ^ 
* 


3 ;!< 
2 






a 

rd 



o =s 



+ 5 
be fl 

s 2 

.fe! > 



a 



p^ Sf 



bc-tf 











+ 

3 ■ 


CO 













"cS 










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"si 






+ ^ 


^ 


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CS 


-' 


6 




A 





fl 


-^ g 


^ 


6 




^ 


"cS 


g i 


A 


M 


1/2 


ri<< 


-a 


+= 'O 



c« 












,Q 




cS 


® 






•^p 






bo^ 

1 iQ^ 






"=3 

''B 


fl 

03 


fl 


rfl to 


c8 

a 

a) 

•1-5 





>fH "J 



xu ^ 



>Q3 



,^ ^ 



fl 

5"-^fl 

p. 6 



lO) rfl 
•r-3 02 










1 




CO 






fl 

















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.^ 




to 






!-t 


^ 4J 














'3 


^ 






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a 








^^ 






'3 


0) 


4J> 




,fl 
02 


.9 




u 

CC 


to 


fl 

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fl 


,i4 


,2 -0 
So 


:: :: 


1 


a 


a 
02 






a 




a 


fl 




-tJ 


"a! 


'53 


to 


t> 


to 


to 


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"S 


OS 


4J 


02 


CO 


OS 





^ Si^ -S fl 'Bi ^ 

flOOOOOOftO 
CO-l-='0!20902a2O2DQ4^ 



d-abb.] 



598 



[Aug. i'O, 



=« /-^r 



cS M 



M 



^4 



•^ 





bD o 

si 


O 
N 




-bek'-oi 
oz'-ung 
g'-ku-i 
■'-bo-sho 






,£1 V 






O o ^ 

-^ -? 3 


g 


g-ai g 




N rO Jh 


02 O 


■"^ 


^ 00 ^ oj 


bD 










a 










7i 


bD 









+ 



^' 






CJ 


N 
O 




"b 


+ o 


-|J 


!!« 


05 ^ 




bcii 


J 


-^ ^ 


s + 




Ph 


il 





s ? 



+ 



o 


o 


bo 


o ^ 


03 


Si 


? piil ^ 


6 


+jl 


6 ^ -y 


rJaJ 


-pH 



Pi 



be 









bXI 








fl 


o 




» 


P3 
+ 


03 




tS 


o 


6 


"b 





^ 


6 


"be 


.« 






•13 :?^'^ N 











be be O 










0^ 


r" 


03 


.^ 




f3 3 ^ 


•r; 


^ 


03 




+ + + 


o 


"? 


^ 


o 


007; 


ri3 


(*. 


r^ 




s-i a B 
M h >s: 



00 P< cS 



rJ^ 














b^ 



ri 




ri 






J 

















+ 


"c3 


? 


'V 


^ 


^=1 bD 


%^ 


r^ 




>^ 


"h 


■1-5 


OJ 





ce 


a 


S 1 
02 -^ 


M 





+ 



S 2 



ce 




Ei 


^ 


^ 




5 




^ 

^ 




a 


+= 


c^ 


^ 





B 


03 


A 


Ph 


,p 


,P 


't-i 


.^ 


,P 



i=l ^ 



rt 




Ti 


OJ 




a 


Ph 






cc 


>J 


03 





Ph 





+= 


OS 


+s 



r3 y -^ 

L, -tj r^ -tJ -3 

M 03 O 02 05 

-U O '-4J O O 

02 -M 02 -1-3 -|J 



03 

3 






4J 




bo 


u 




a) 

li-i 
=1 


13 




+3 

03 


a 














t 




to 



p 
+3 


be 


d 


CO 




in 



03 





'S 





4J 



Is 


M 


05 


an 


02 


+= 


02 


02 


02 


CO 


+= 


4^ 


CO 


+= 


+= 


4-= 


4J 


+i 



1875.] 



599 



IGabb. 



M 



M ^ 






-r 


(^ 


iirf 


f-l 


cS 


i 


M 


M 



<S (^ 



cS 


_«! 




bC 


'G 


c3 


ed 


a 


30 




s 





9 
O ^ 

+ 

o s o 



PI S ^ 



bo 

i s 



bJD 



,i4 








fl 


1 


^fl 






ce 


^Tm 









be -^ 


CO 


rO 






a a 


p 


^3 







=« 


rS 


-t- 


rif 




S + + 
4J c! S 


bO 






i C) 







a 




2 -9 


^ 

'^ 


a 




bD 










a 










;3 
1 


bO 

§ bo 
1 a 




'j-l 







"m 


ca 


KI 




ce ^ 


^ 


ri^ 


r-t 


3 


?„? 


T-i 


1 


I/! 


"S-i 



ri4 ^ 






M 



(QC 






P.::^^ 



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4) i-( c« -i 95 0) 
^ M ^ ^ A A 

















>» 










5 






6 










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4- 


^ 


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^' 










z 


^ 


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CO 










CS 


4^ 




cS 










>5 


A S3 


,i4 








eS 






<S 




bO 






c« = 


3 








a ^ -^ 


5! 


a 






f ^ 




-- + 






2 6 1 


:3 

3 a 


a s 


ca 




^ 'D ? 


2 ^ 


^ 




. + + - 

2 a a ? 


h 1 


rj C3 !^ 


6 ~ 

a * 


l\ 


1 t^ 


rH -H jr^ 


c3 • 


I i 


3 <j3 c3 c 


3 S 

3 s 


• rt ' 


3 ^ 


^ i 


=£., 


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3 f 


3 5 







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a 

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a 



a 



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p 



1 


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a 

a 


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ra 


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,14 



cscsoffl o^,a,a,a,araofa-a^,aora,a.Moo.rir 



Gabb.] 



GOO 



[Aug. 20, 



3 =? ^ 



I 



^ 



fcJO 

1=1 

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O 









c« 








'f"© 


03 














tH a 1 


o 






ci S "Sh 




la .J. M 


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3 


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s 


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ri2 

g< ^ ^ O ^ te 






+ 

o 

^ o 
;!. m a 
o o 



+ •3 

^1 1 

O ,13 



.t^ -^ 



bfl 



o .s 



t>D 


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n ig 


"v 


+! 


^ bc i 2 



s + 

J bo 

3 ^ 



o > 



a 
I 

'00 "o 



=8 'S 



_^ g >5 -i 






+ 



Pi ^' 



ci Q^ 



o ^^ n:i-M-^Q^:^s^:^^^^Ms 







c8 K 






bO-^' 


a 


1 

!=! 


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^ 


^ 



73 










2 


















1 








03 






cS 


>> 


05 
IB 


03 

<» 
bO 




2 Z^ 

bc 


'0 





9 


ID 

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a 







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6 




















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a 


c 


a 





a 


a 


+3 


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4A 


+a 


■4J 


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+=1 


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-(J 


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+= 


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+a 


S 


a 


a 


+a 


a 


a 



1875. J 



601 



[aabb. 



M 



M 



pi 





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g 










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c3 


s 

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1 






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fi 














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s 






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9 






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lb 




pi 




o 




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02 



+ 



M M 



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o 


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u 




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+ 



+ > 




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s 


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so 




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to 


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pi 


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Pi 



o .;i:i .A -g 3 's <^ d 



•^ 











B 
o 
> 


+= 


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■?3 


li 


c3 


a 


as 


02 

1 


^ 


^ 


^ 


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> 


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'o 
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o 


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o 


O 



c8 c3 c3 aj 05 

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 













^ 
















P< 


-u 
















to 


to 










s 






1 


!d 


® 


o 




^ 


r^ 


rd 


rd 


O 
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Id 




^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


^ 


o 


^ 


1 


^ 



I 



Gabb.] 



602 



[Aug. 20, 1875. 



C3 
CO -A 



M 



'm "b |o Iq 



o P 



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CD 


3 




o 


r£ 




a 


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3 
^ 


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o 


09 


4-i 


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p 



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13 



a o 

+ + ;S 

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•g ^ d 

N O oa 



.2 ^ ^ 


















0.5 



















Si 







'5 

+ 


c8 








+ 




"b 








,r- 










02 






3 OB 



s-g 



rt .a o o o 






K. U.' '.!.' Vi/ 'w' w 

F P»» t>> >5 >> >!. 



